For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Dasdag et al. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. 2012;112:1715. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Qiao et al. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Professor, Asst Director at VIT 2017;326:291. Cobb et al. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Merola et al. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. 1996;93:46938. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Int J Radiat Biol. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. Richter et al. Motawi et al. 2000;284:30017. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. 2009;64:2314. Electromagn Biol Med. 1999;75:44756. 2015;51:15865. 2011;174:211. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. 2012;35:32534. Radiat Res. J Sleep Res. Bull Exp Biol Med. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Brain Res. Int J Hyg Environ Health. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. 2011;343:5224. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1992;49:1818. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Sareesh et al. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. PubMed However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. 2008;86:718. Harris KM. Zhao et al. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. 1996;180:917. Google Scholar. 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In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Article 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . Brain Res Rev. 2005;438:18592. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Int J Radiat Biol. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. PubMed Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. 2006;12:44651. 2007;34:146779. Behav Brain Res. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Neurosci Lett. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. CAS Neurobiol Learn Mem. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Google Scholar. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Terms and Conditions, Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Pathophysiology. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. 2007;27:6024. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. J Pharm Sci. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Wang et al. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. 2003;80:177. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. CAS [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. 2011;35:36978. PubMed Bioelectromagnetics. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. 2012;21:6209. 2002;64:31353. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. 2002;57:2702. [84] and Sharma et al. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Fragopoulou et al. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Privacy Wang Q, Cao Z. Bioelectromagnetics. 2008;22:9927. Article : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Part of After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Suhhova et al. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. 2010;3:4650. 2013;5:5500110. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. 2000;11:4135. Bioelectromagnetics. 2016;25:31827. Megha et al. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Clinics. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. California Privacy Statement, Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Google Scholar. J Neuro-Oncol. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. 2015;91:55561. 2004;2004:19. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. 2015;36:4804. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. CAS Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Cookies policy. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. Google Scholar. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Neurol Sci. 2004;48:46624. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Neuroreport. 1988;9:33745. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Neurotoxicology. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. 2004;115:1490505. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? 2013;17:711. 2015;91:42634. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. 2008;169:3845. 2009;72:20514. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Eastern J Med. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. eliminating microwave and RF sources. 2007;96:218196. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. 2005;161:3314. Gene. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Article Bioelectromagnetics. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Neuroreport. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. 2013;73:4737. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. 1997;44:99104. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. J Neurosci. Sci STKE. The role of microRNAs in cancer. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. 2009;4:e4389. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Neurosci Lett. millimeter, or equivalently. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. 2009;27:556572. 2 Researchers have been working. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons.
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