d. religious fundamentalism. e. The Church Committee investigations. [557], Throughout his life, he tried to dress fashionably. Reviewer-quizlet - Text examination fo certified human resource. [549] However, in 2006, he expressed his continued belief in Lenin's ideas: "I trusted him then and I still do". [67], Stalin was ultimately succeeded as Soviet leader by Nikita Khrushchev, who denounced Stalin and his cult of personality in a speech given in February 1956, after which he launched a de-Stalinization process throughout Soviet society. [480] In 2003, Gorbachev's party merged with the Social Democratic Party to form the Social Democratic Party of Russia[481] which, however, faced much internal division and failed to gain traction with voters. d. demanded that the federal government administer all aid, even on the local . This called for further decentralization and some privatization. 23 The United States and the Wold War, 19, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole. [537], Gorbachev's political outlook was shaped by the 23 years he served as a party official in Stavropol. [360], In January 1990, Gorbachev privately agreed to permit East German reunification with West Germany, but rejected the idea that a unified Germany could retain West Germany's NATO membership. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like the former Soviet Union, Cold War, take power and more. Symbolized the end of the Cold War. c. They succeeded in mandating the labeling of explicit lyrics for hip-hop albums. b. In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that: c. fixed affirmative action quotas were unconstitutional. b. feared family values were being undermined. d. ensured the Soviet Union would continue as a strong ally of the United States in the future. e. The event prompted Americans to reflect more deeply on the implications of the Nuremberg trials. [548] After the fall of the Soviet Union, the newly formed Communist Party of the Russian Federation would have nothing to do with him. [576] He used self-deprecating humor,[577] and sometimes profanities,[577] and often referred to himself in the third person. d. A brutal military dictatorship had emerged there, waging a dirty war against its own citizens. Use your notes to identify the characteristics of the medieval religious orders. d. an increased military presence in Southeast Asia. [396] By this point, Gorbachev was isolated from many of his former close allies and aides. [238] Gorbachev meanwhile told the Politburo that Reagan was "extraordinarily primitive, troglodyte, and intellectually feeble". [614][615] Russian president Vladimir Putin bid an official farewell to Gorbachev on 1 September 2022 during a visit to the Central Clinical Hospital, where he laid flowers at his coffin. b. boycotted South Africa to protest apartheid. 21. He leaves behind an important legacy,"[626] while former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said that "he was a very pleasant man to deal with" and "history will remember him as a transformational leader". 32. [41] In 1952, he was appointed a full member of the Communist Party. [606] Also in 2016, he underwent surgery to replace his lenses due to cataracts.[607]. Gorbachev was a true believer in the Communist system, yet at the same time it was he who took the Soviet Union . The administration wanted to move deliberately, using the meeting, in the words of a briefing memo penned by Secretary of State James Baker III, to generate "a public sense, here and abroad, of a new pace and purpose to the U.S.-Soviet . d. All of the choices are correct. The recipient of a wide range of awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize, he is praised for his role in ending the Cold War, introducing new political and economic freedoms in the Soviet Union, and tolerating both the fall of MarxistLeninist administrations in eastern and central Europe and the reunification of Germany. [544] He described Gorbachev as "a true believernot in the Soviet system as it functioned (or didn't) in 1985 but in its potential to live up to what he deemed its original ideals". To this end, he called for rapid technological modernization and increased worker productivity, and he tried to make the cumbersome Soviet bureaucracy more efficient and responsive. [470] Shortly after, in July, Raisa was diagnosed with leukemia. [302] Taubman called it "one of the highest points of Gorbachev's career". [467] The Foundation had initially been housed in the former Social Science Institute building, but Yeltsin introduced limits to the number of rooms it could use there;[468] the American philanthropist Ted Turner then donated over $1million to enable the foundation to build new premises on the Leningradsky Prospekt. [405] Fearing more civil disturbances, that month Gorbachev banned demonstrations and ordered troops to patrol Soviet cities alongside the police. c. could describe the 1980s, a decade where organized labor made substantial gains as it had in the 1890s. Early 21st century popular music and dance are both characterized by: was the challenge from United States President Ronald Reagan to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to destroy the Berlin Wall. [653], The historian Mark Galeotti stressed the connection between Gorbachev and his predecessor, Andropov. [477], In December 1999, Yeltsin resigned and was succeeded by his deputy, Vladimir Putin, who then won the March 2000 presidential election. c. placing an embargo on grain exports to the Soviet Union. d. One person was found guilty in this killing of 350 civilians, but was released in 1974. [280] Gorbachev was then elected its chairthe new de facto head of statewith 2,123 votes in favor to 87 against. [49] That summer, he returned to Privolnoye to work with his father on the harvest; the money earned allowed him to pay for a wedding. [362] On 9 February 1990 in a phone conversation with James Baker, then the US Secretary of State, he set out his position that "a broadening of the NATO zone is not acceptable" to which Baker agreed. Gorbachev declined to intervene militarily when various Eastern Bloc countries abandoned MarxistLeninist governance in 19891992. [427], To keep unity within the country, Gorbachev continued to pursue plans for a new union treaty but found increasing opposition to the idea of a continued federal state as the leaders of various Soviet republics bowed to growing nationalist pressure. One of the reasons that America won the war c. the Democratic Party headquarters. [438][439], Gorbachev reached a deal with Yeltsin that called for Gorbachev to formally announce his resignation as Soviet President and Commander-in-Chief on 25 December, before vacating the Kremlin by 29 December. d. declining population in sub-Saharan Africa. 36. d. Carter's approval ratings in 1980 had fallen lower than Nixon's at the time of his resignation. c. had originally been proposed in 1920 by former suffragists. [514], Following the death of former President George H.W. Tue 30 Aug 2022 19.40 EDT. b. [32] Aged 19, he traveled by train to Moscow, the first time he had left his home region. [105] Gorbachev and his wife holidayed in Moscow, Leningrad, Uzbekistan, and resorts in the North Caucasus;[106] he holidayed with the head of the KGB, Yuri Andropov, who was favorable towards him and who became an important patron. a. as the only war lost by the United States. [608][609] At the beginning of 2020, Gorbachev was placed under the continuous supervision of doctors. Many in the party saw him as a future leader. He was given a number of important diplomatic missions around the world. In foreign affairs, Gorbachev cultivated friendlier relations with noncommunist states, including and especially the United States. 47. [266] On returning from Yugoslavia, Gorbachev called a Politburo meeting to discuss the letter, at which he confronted those hardliners supporting its sentiment. [398] His support among the intelligentsia was declining,[399] and by the end of 1990 his approval ratings had plummeted. Gorbachev's travels in America. b. new communications technology 29 1991 . N 2371-I " , ", " 06.11.1991 . Throughout 1989 he had seized every opportunity to voice his support for reformist communists in the Soviet-bloc countries of eastern Europe, and, when communist regimes in those countries collapsed like dominoes late that year, Gorbachev tacitly acquiesced in their fall. b. the availability of drinking water. [463] In 1995, his foundation held a conference on "The Intelligentsia and Perestroika". [255], In September 1987, the government stopped jamming the signal of the British Broadcasting Corporation and Voice of America. [469] In 1999, Gorbachev made his first visit to Australia, where he gave a speech to the country's parliament. [370], In August 1990, Saddam Hussein's Iraqi government invaded Kuwait; Gorbachev endorsed President Bush's condemnation of it. [573], Gorbachev's university friend, Mlyn, described him as "loyal and personally honest". [268], Although the next party congress was not scheduled until 1991, Gorbachev convened the 19th Party Conference in its place in June 1988. [622] Naina Yeltsina, widow of former Russian president Boris Yeltsin, said that Gorbachev "sincerely wanted to change the Soviet system" and transform the USSR into a "free and peaceful state". [247] Economic problems remained: by the late 1980s there were still widespread shortages of basic goods, rising inflation, and declining living standards. b. breaking off diplomatic relations with Pakistan. He was willing to condone illegal activity if it would silence his political enemies. c. ethnic cleansing [240] He made clear his desire for Soviet membership of the Asian Development Bank and for greater ties to Pacific countries, especially China and Japan. d. Boston's tightly knit Irish-American community in South Boston fought integration violently. [202] According to Doder and Branson, this meant "greater openness and candour in government affairs and for an interplay of different and sometimes conflicting views in political debates, in the press, and in Soviet culture". e. the Committee to Reelect the President's (CREEP's) headquarters. a. more efficient automation. a. significantly declined in number, as they became less vocal. d. cofounder of the National Organization of Women (NOW). [536] With perestroika, Gorbachev had wanted to improve the existing MarxistLeninist system but ultimately ended up destroying it. [318] In February, the administration of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast officially requested that it be transferred from the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; the majority of the region's population were ethnically Armenian and wanted unification with other majority Armenian areas. In a speech at the Brandenburg Gate commemorating the 750th anniversary of Berlin, by the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987, Reagan challenged Gorbachev, then the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to tear it down as a symbol of Reagan's desire for increasing freedom in the Eastern Bloc. [156] He thus became the eighth leader of the Soviet Union. In order to protect U.S. interests, the Carter Doctrine declared that the United States would: 43. Conduct a research study about current U.S. divorce statistics, including rate of divorce, reasons for divorce, how divorce trends have changed over time , and why they have changed . Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms. When they were arrested, the burglars at the Watergate apartment complex were breaking into: (Stupidity or treason? 52. In a vain attempt to preserve its power, the Communist Party of Belarus led the rush by declaring independence on August 25, just 72 hours after Gorbachev's return to Moscow. [658] Out of office he continued to receive honors. [397] Yakovlev had moved out of his inner circle and Shevardnadze had resigned. b. overpopulation c. was the greatest scandal of the Reagan administration. 51. Local troops tried to quell the unrest but were attacked by mobs. He joined the Komsomol (Young Communist League) in 1946 and drove a combine harvester at a state farm in Stavropol for the next four years. d. stagnant economic growth and high inflation. [485] He declared that since the fall of the Soviet Union, the U.S., rather than cooperating with Russia, had conspired to build a "new empire headed by themselves". Internally, growing nationalist sentiment threatened to break up the Soviet Union, leading MarxistLeninist hardliners to launch the unsuccessful August Coup against Gorbachev in 1991. Focused on co-operation instead of confrontation in speeches with the USA, tried to build Western relationship and withdrew troops from Afghanistan. c. Congress enacted a bill banning abortion from health care policies for federal employees. [121] He was also given an apartment inside the city, but gave that to his daughter and son-in-law; Irina had begun work at Moscow's Second Medical Institute. [669], "Gorbachev" redirects here. a. expanded food stamps and school lunch programs. c. The invasion of U.S. troops in 1970. c. Republicans brought more women into public office than any other party, but actively legislated for men's rights. [523] Mlyn noted, however, that unlike most other Soviet students, Gorbachev did not view Marxism simply as "a collection of axioms to be committed to memory". [244] Many economists proposed reducing ministerial controls on the economy and allowing state-owned enterprises to set their own targets; Ryzhkov and other government figures were skeptical. [46] She was engaged to another man but after that engagement fell apart, she began a relationship with Gorbachev;[47] together they went to bookstores, museums, and art exhibits. What triggered the rise of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia? [214], In April 1986 the Chernobyl disaster occurred. [648] Conversely, many of his Communist Party critics thought his reforms were reckless and threatened the survival of Soviet socialism;[649] some believed he should have followed the example of China's Communist Party and restricted himself to economic rather than governmental reforms. a. created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). It was there that Gorbachev proposed to the Duma a law that would reduce many of the presidential powers established by Yeltsin's 1993 constitution. [543], Taubman nevertheless thought Gorbachev remained a socialist. The Viet Cong lost access to its Ho Chi Minh Trail. a. continued their overt opposition to the black struggle for racial justice. Gorbachev eschewed the totalitarian use of power that had traditionally worked to keep the Soviet economy functioning, but at the same time he resisted any decisive shift to private ownership and the use of free-market mechanisms. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 and additionally as head of state beginning in 1988, as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990 and the only President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. [365] There remains some confusion over whether US Secretary of State James Baker led Gorbachev to believe that NATO would not expand into other countries in Eastern Europe as well. c. They argued it was the "free enterprise system" that truly liberated American women, because home appliances freed them from time-consuming labor. The "Second Gilded Age": [568] Among his favorite authors were Arthur Miller, Dostoevsky, and Chinghiz Aitmatov, while he also enjoyed reading detective fiction. He was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee in 1970, overseeing construction of the Great Stavropol Canal. [150] At the end of the visit, Thatcher said: "I like Mr. Gorbachev. [354] At the same Congress meeting, he presented the idea of repealing Article 6 of the Soviet constitution, which had ratified the Communist Party as the "ruling party" of the Soviet Union. [15], The country was then experiencing the famine of 19301933, in which two of Gorbachev's paternal uncles and an aunt died. [178] The Soviet Union was behind the United States in many areas of production,[179] but Gorbachev claimed that it would accelerate industrial output to match that of the U.S. by 2000. [491] After the outbreak of the Russo-Georgian War between Russia and South Ossetian separatists on one side and Georgia on the other, Gorbachev spoke out against U.S. support for Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili and for moving to bring the Caucasus into the sphere of its national interest. What led to food shortages in the USSR. [542] In this, he brought an end to state socialism in the Soviet Union and paved the way for a transition to liberal democracy. Accordingly, under changes made to the constitution in December 1988, a new bicameral parliament called the U.S.S.R. Congress of Peoples Deputies was created, with some of its members directly elected by the people in contested (i.e., multicandidate) elections. [465], In contrast to her husband's political activities, Raisa had focused on campaigning for children's charities. [281] Its sessions were televised live,[281] and its members elected the new Supreme Soviet. e. By increasing the tax burden on the poor. [451] From there he went to Spain, where he attended the Expo '92 world fair in Seville and met with Prime Minister Felipe Gonzlez, who had become a friend of his. Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of freedoms was known as: The Soviet Union collapsed in part because of: Which of the following events preceded the independence of Soviet satellites? 55. [578] According to a 2017 survey carried out by the independent institute Levada Center, 46% of Russian citizens have a negative opinion towards Gorbachev, 30% are indifferent, while only 15% have a positive opinion. In so many ways, the world we know today would not be the same without Mikhail Gorbachev, the last leader of the former Soviet Union who died at the age of 91 on Tuesday . [229] At the Geneva summit, discussions between Gorbachev and Reagan were sometimes heated, and Gorbachev was initially frustrated that his U.S. counterpart "does not seem to hear what I am trying to say". ), ? They argued that freedom for American women was best experienced through their husbands. [555] Throughout the 1960s, he struggled against obesity and dieted to control the problem;[87] Doder and Branson characterized him as "stocky but not fat". In 1979, a popular revolution overthrew the shah and Iran became an Islamic state. As he gained a national reputation, he came to the attention of two important party leaders: Mikhail Suslov, who was responsible for Party ideology. Gorbachev . d. fully utilizing all of Earth's resources. On 11 March 1985, at the age of 54, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, an apparatchik of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), was appointed General Secretary of the CPSU by the Central Committee, 24 hours after the death of his predecessor, Konstantin Chernenko. b. instability in Western Europe. [91] In September 1969 he was part of a Soviet delegation sent to Czechoslovakia, where he found the Czechoslovak people largely unwelcoming to them. [662] In 2000, he was presented with the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement at an awards ceremony at Hampton Court Palace near London. [101] was the challenge from United States President Ronald Reagan to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to destroy the Berlin Wall. [305] They reached an agreement on notifying each other before conducting ballistic missile tests and made agreements on transport, fishing, and radio navigation. [407] A referendum on the issue brought 76.4% in favor of continued federation but the six rebellious republics had not taken part. a. stated that equality of rights under the law could not be abridged on account of sex. Exactly when this transformation occurred is hard to say, but surely by 1989 or 1990 it had taken place. The last Soviet leader, Mikahil Gorbachev, has died at the age of 91. [50] On 25 September 1953 he and Raisa registered their marriage at Sokolniki Registry Office;[50] and in October moved in together at the Lenin Hills dormitory. The last Soviet leader was 91. [172] Doing so, Gorbachev secured dominance in the Politburo within a year, faster than either Stalin, Khrushchev, or Brezhnev had achieved. d. was the title of a 1980s documentary about "yuppies" who sold out to the financial establishment. "The Gorbachev revolution: The role of the political elite in regime disintegration. c. The invasion destabilized the nation and ushered in a murderous regime. d. the State Department program offering fast-tracked political asylum for South Vietnamese military officials and their families. [283] When Sakharov died shortly after, Yeltsin became the figurehead of the liberal opposition. e. The crisis made Carter look inept and helpless. [258] Independent organizations appeared, most supportive of Gorbachev, although the largest, Pamyat, was ultra-nationalist and antisemitic in nature. [363] In May 1990, he visited the U.S. for talks with President Bush;[364] there, he agreed that an independent Germany would have the right to choose its international alliances. [316] In 1987, Crimean Tatars protested in Moscow to demand resettlement in Crimea, the area from which they had been deported on Stalin's orders in 1944. e. initiated the largest military buildup in American history. [529] [28] In 1948, they harvested over 8,000 centners of grain, a feat for which Sergey was awarded the Order of Lenin and his son the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.[29]. [278] Gorbachev was happy with the result, describing it as "an enormous political victory under extraordinarily difficult circumstances". [492][493] Gorbachev nevertheless remained critical of Russia's government and criticized the 2011 parliamentary elections as being rigged in favor of the governing party, United Russia, and called for them to be re-held. "[183] b. insisted on more local control and resisted the power of the federal government. a. was a scandal that brought down Reagan's cabinet, as well as high-ranking officials in the Marine Corps. Perestroika, the series of political and economic reforms meant to revive the stagnant 1980s economy of the Soviet Union, was developed by Mikhail Gorbachev. [238], In his relations with the developing world, Gorbachev found many of its leaders professing revolutionary socialist credentials or a pro-Soviet attitudesuch as Libya's Muammar Gaddafi and Syria's Hafez al-Assadfrustrating, and his best personal relationship was instead with India's Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi. [380] There, he continued to call for financial assistance; Mitterrand and Kohl backed him,[381] while Thatcherno longer in office also urged Western leaders to agree. In 2011, an eightieth birthday gala for him was held at London's Royal Albert Hall, featuring tributes from Shimon Peres, Lech Wasa, Michel Rocard, and Arnold Schwarzenegger. b. men and women are equal. Although Gorbachev later stated that he had had private concerns about the invasion, he publicly supported it. What setback did the advocates of the Roe v. Wade decision of 1973 suffer in 1976? a. b. enlarged government revenue. 56. December 8, 1987. He hoped that by allowing a broader range of people to attend than at previous conferences, he would gain additional support for his reforms. [644] McCauley noted that in facilitating the merger of East and West Germany, Gorbachev was "a co-father of German unification", assuring him long-term popularity among the German people. [132] However, although Gorbachev hoped that Andropov would introduce liberalizing reforms, the latter carried out only personnel shifts rather than structural change. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall!: Reagans Berlin Speech, 25th Anniversary of the End of the Soviet Union, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Gorbachev, Academy of Achievement - Biography of Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Mikhail Gorbachev, GlobalSecurity.org - Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Age of the Sage - Transmitting the Wisdoms of the Ages - Biography of Mikhail Gorbachev, RT Russiapedia - Biography of Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikhail Gorbachev - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Mikhail Gorbachev - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Boris Yeltsin; collapse of the Soviet Union. The second was Mikhail Gorbachev, who brought that system down. b. Sub-Saharan Africa. e. Wages for women grew significantly while men's wages declined. c. made Jimmy Carter appear weak and inept. [7] His relationship with his father, Sergey Andreyevich Gorbachev, was close; his mother, Maria Panteleyevna Gorbacheva (ne Gopkalo), was colder and punitive. b. c. reversed the economic policies of his predecessor. [544] He added that "until the end, Gorbachev reiterated his belief in socialism, insisting that it wasn't worthy of the name unless it was truly democratic". a. the supply of raw materials. The Supreme Court declared bans on abortion constitutional. [412] The coup leaders demanded that Gorbachev formally declare a state of emergency in the country, but he refused. His party involvement paid off in the early 1960's, when he was placed in charge of the agriculture department in Stavropol. In 1990 Gorbachev received the Nobel Peace Prize for his leading role in the peace process in Europe. He withdrew troops from the SovietAfghan War and embarked on summits with United States president Ronald Reagan to limit nuclear weapons and end the Cold War. Mikhail Gorbachev is remembered in Soviet history as the man that nailed the first nail in the coffin of Soviet Socialism. The U.S. sought to prevent the coup of General Augusto Pinochet. [239] He sought improved relations with China, a country whose Marxist government had severed ties with the Soviets in the Sino-Soviet Split and had since undergone its own structural reform. Events outpaced him, however, and the Russian government under Yeltsin readily assumed the functions of the collapsing Soviet government as the various republics agreed to form a new commonwealth under Yeltsins leadership. Gorbachev encouraged Soviets to discuss ways to improve the country . e. ended with a federal budget surplus. [19] Gorbachev's father had joined the Red Army and fought on the frontlines; he was wrongly declared dead during the conflict and fought in the Battle of Kursk before returning to his family, injured. c. proposed that a system of block grants be assigned to states to spend as they saw fit. How did the experience of the 1960s shape America's neoconservatives? Mikhail Gorbachev: [585] Doder and Branson called him "a charmer capable of intellectually seducing doubters, always trying to co-opt them, or at least blunt the edge of their criticism". Updated 7:41 PM EDT, Mon October 17, 2022. Who is Mikhail Gorbachev? Although proposed by California conservatives, it reflected the growing anti-tax mood of the rest of the nation. a. was a diplomatic achievement for President Carter. Party purges, To make the country's management transparent and open to debate, Investigative journalists who played a key role in exposing the corruption in the Communist Party elite, What was the impact of the revealed corruption, It irreparably damaged the image of the Communist Party in the eyes of many Soviet citizens, What could Gorbachev no longer manage to do, Maintain subsidies to its satellite states e.g. [119] His appointment had been approved unanimously by the Central Committee's members. "[539] c. the height a building can reach without collapsing. [594], Gorbachev died at the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow on 30 August 2022,[595] at the age of 91. Richard Nixon's appointments to the Supreme Court were intended to: c. lead the Court in a conservative direction. [30] He also applied to study at the law school of Moscow State University (MSU), then the most prestigious university in the country. Seeking to bring the Soviet Union up to economic par with capitalist countries such as Germany, Japan, and the United States, Gorbachev decentralized economic controls and encouraged enterprises to become self-financing. [217] From April to the end of the year, Gorbachev became increasingly open in his criticism of the Soviet system, including food production, state bureaucracy, the military draft, and the large size of the prison population. [541] It was only after initial measures to achieve this proved unsuccessful that Gorbachev began to consider market mechanisms and co-operatives, albeit with the state sector remaining dominant. Mikhail Gorbachev, the last Soviet leader, on Saturday hailed the late George H.W. We can do business together". [331] 48. a. [443][444] The following day, 26 December, the Soviet of the Republics, the upper house of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally voted the country out of existence. [641] Similarly, under Gorbachev, the Soviet Union broke apart without falling into civil war, as happened during the breakup of Yugoslavia at the same time.
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