william cooper v stuart

Special Protection for Aboriginal Suspects? 0000002286 00000 n endstream Supreme Court of the United States. They held that New South Wales should be treated as a settled colony as at 1788, such that applicable English law arrived with the first settlers. Part 2 will address this question, and explain how the assertion of the law was contextualised as part of the colonial project to ignore indigenous claims to ownership as first taker. As the Privy Council pointed out in passing in Cooper v Stuart, New South Wales had been regarded as a tract of territory, practically unoccupied, without settled inhabitants or settled land, at the time when it was peacefully annexed to the British dominions. Review of the Legislative Framework for Corporations and Financial Services Regulation, Religious Educational Institutions and Anti-Discrimination Laws, 2. >> /F0 6 0 R 68. hb```f``Uf`c`` @Q(@mPV1=i"OE/GOG(A. XCIC3MRM!t,k*8j7#`4 c`# 7A 0@ The Tribunal cannot conduct negotiations. The issue for the Commission in the present Reference is the extent to which Aboriginal customary laws and traditions should be recognised by the Australian legal system now, nearly two hundred years after permanent European entry into Australia. 0000060797 00000 n Despite being overturned by Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (Mabo [No 2]), the case remains important because of the Privy Councils justification for the application of English common law to the colony of New South Wales. William G. Cooper, et al., Members of the ;:Da>C[D{n+)ptz]fm=X#(L60 uq!AffW+2M^:.zctt'TPmm;CH*Ox@AmMu. [39]4 & 5 Win IV c95 s 1; and see Acts Interpretation Act 1915 (SA) s 48. The Governor of the colony, before 1824, had made a land grant that As Hannah Robert has shown, the story is more complex and the central problem is how occupancy as a concept played out. The Court held that the Crown could not establish that legal relationship sufficient to overturn the mans honest claim of right to take the crocodile by exercising his native title right to hunt the crocodile. 0000032924 00000 n As a matter of present Australian law it is clear that the Crowns acquisition of sovereignty over Australia was an act of state unchallengeable in the courts. >> 0000021511 00000 n Full case name. His Excellency Sir Thomas Brisbane, then Governor-in-Chief of New South Wales and its Dependencies, on the 27th May 1823, made a grant to one William ,)bL $Oy %yLAFX%*0S~mPwmdRi_~?V-y*='L8Q 0000005271 00000 n 8 The case that recognised the Treaty of Waitangi principles was the Lands Case (New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General [1987] 1 NZLR 641). The Protection and Distribution of Property, Distribution of Property between Living Persons[2], 16. WebThe case, Cooper v Stuart , had nothing to do with the rights of Aboriginal people in New South Wales. The Issue for the Commission. Legal and Moral Issues. 0000016908 00000 n And proposition 7 can be stated because it demonstrates just how flimsy the legal basis established in Cooper v Stuart was to justify the denial of indigenous rights to land. As a result, neither conquest, cession by treaty nor settlement establish an uncontestable legal relationship to property of each State and Territory in the land those jurisdictions encompass. He is skilled in the art of negotiation, mediation and the resolution of disputes in relation to resources and energy projects. Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation Securing Hunting, Fishing and Gathering Rights, Aboriginal Participation in Resource Management, Administrative and Political Constraints of the Federal System, The Framework of Religious Exemptions in Anti-discrimination Legislation, Australias Corporate Criminal Responsibility Regime. But problems regarding its application led in 1828 to the passing of the Australian Courts Act,[38] s 24 of which provided that: all laws and statutes in force within the Realm of England at the time of passing of this Act shall be applied in the administration of justice in the Courts of New South Wales and Van Diemens Land respectively, so far as the same can be applied within the said colonies . Browns intrusion was a direct attack on the Crowns albeit fictional feudal right as ultimate holder of the title to the waste lands. A political compact or settlement which addresses past wrongs, establishes a proper basis for the acquisition of land by the Crown, and settles the compensation which is required to seal that compact between the States, the Territories and the Commonwealth on the one hand and the indigenous peoples of Australia on the other should now be actively debated by Australian society at large, not just by academics and elites. Only then can the Crown in each of its capacities in Australia establish a legal relationship between its claims to sovereignty and rights in the land. There are no files associated with this item. 8. 4 & 5 Win IV c95 s 1; and see Acts Interpretation Act 1915 (SA) s 48. If applied to territory inhabited by indigenous peoples, the original law of nations provided that goods which belong to no owner [that is, no sovereign] pass to the occupier.3 On this view, a mainly Continental European one, dispossession of first nation peoples was wrong. 0 >> A political compact or settlement which addresses past wrongs, establishes a proper basis for the acquisition of land by the Crown, and settles the compensation which is required to seal that compact between the States, the Territories and the Commonwealth on the one hand. /Length 10 0 R This was not because necessarily indigenous rights were ignored. 0000064319 00000 n Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. This is an NFSA Digital Learning resource. trailer 2023 Lawyer Monthly - All Rights Reserved. Brennan Js decision recognised the indigenous right to occupancy of the land, sovereignty over which was acquired by the British Crown.14 The occupancy of the Aboriginal people, in the absence of any claim to sovereignty, gave them ownership as first taker. Peter O'Grady trading as Legal Helpdesk Lawyers ABN 93 775 540 127 | Shop K2, Bridgepoint Shopping Centre, 1-3 Brady Street, Mosman NSW 2088 Current student Aboriginal Customary Laws and Substantive Criminal Liability, Criminal Law Defences and Aboriginal Customary Laws, Intoxication and Diminished Responsibility, Conclusion: Intent and Criminal Law Defences, Aboriginal Customary Law as a Ground of Criminal Liability, 21. The Western Saharan tribes, it held, were socially and politically organised under chiefs competent to represent them (para 80, & cf para 149). [33]id, 138. Indigenous Legal Judgments: Bringing Indigenous Voices into Judicial Decision Making, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and the law, Synot, E; de Silva-Wijeyeratne, R, Commentary: Cooper v Stuart (1889) 14 App Cas 286, Indigenous Legal Judgments: Bringing Indigenous Voices into Judicial Decision Making, 2021, 1. WebSouth Wales: Cooper v Stuart (1889), 14 App Cas 286, at p 291. Cooper v Stuart (1889) 14 App Cas 286. endstream endobj 64 0 obj<> endobj 65 0 obj<>/Encoding<>>>>> endobj 66 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]>>/Type/Page>> endobj 67 0 obj<> endobj 68 0 obj<> endobj 69 0 obj<>stream But they also empowered him to take possession of uninhabited country, by setting up Proper Marks and Inscriptions as first discoverers and possessors. Community Wardens and other Forms of Self-Policing, Policing Aboriginal Communities: Conclusions, 33. Each of the cases (Attorney-General v Brown, Cooper v Stuart) in the 19th century were designed to guard the Crown against the unwarranted overreach of Milirrpum v Nabalco at 202, 7 Examples include S. Breanna et al, Treaty; M Mansell Treaty and Statehood: Aboriginal Self-Determination, Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press 2016. Announces that a, OSCAR DEADLINE ALERT: Bragar Eagel & Squire, P.C. 0000001591 00000 n /F2 14 0 R When founded in 1952, the International and Comparative Law Quarterly (ICLQ) was unique. 1936 In practice, difficulties such as those encountered in Milirrpums case would be encountered, given the enormous changes in Aboriginal societies and traditions since settlement. For example, the classification of a country such as Australia was in 1788 as unoccupied territory (terra nullius) might well be incorrect if that classification had to be made by the standards of modern international law. See all, colonialism, colonisation, Cooper V Stuart, crown land, doctrine of tenure, New South Wales, Privy Council, settlements, terra nullius, Australian Court Case, Barwick, Chief Justice, Cooper V Stuart, Deane, Sir William, High Court of Australia, Murphy, Justice, Murphy, Justice, native title, Papua New Guinea, Privy Council, United States of America, Aboriginal Land Rights Act (Northern Territory)(1976), Australian Court Case, Brennan, Justice Gerard, Cooper V Stuart, Kakadu National Park, land rights, Mabo v Queensland No.2, Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd, 1971 , native title, Northern Territory, Pitjantjatjara, recognition, reconciliation, resistance, South Australia, Uluru National Park, Australian Court Case, Blackburn, Justice, Cooper V Stuart, doctrine of tenure, Federal Court of Australia, Gove Case, Mabo v Queensland No.2, Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd, 1971 , mining, Nabalco, Nettheim, Garth, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Privy Council, terra nullius, Yirrkala, Yolgnu, Australian Court Case, Common Law, Cooper V Stuart, crown land, New South Wales, plaintiffs, Queensland, Radical Title, sovereignty. From the first days of settlement, the interaction of British administrative policies and legal principles relating to the colonies provided the foundation for asserting of English law at the expense of the customary laws and practices of Aboriginal groups. The International Court in the Western Sahara case emphasised that what was required was occupation by tribes or peoples having a social and political organisation (para 80). AC3bXEJV`!!uj4Cx5SVHJ}f2DK2 11 0 obj It is hardly necessary to say that the question is not how the manner in which Australia became a British possession might appropriately be described. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. It has maintained its pre-eminence as one of the most important journals of its kind encompassing Human Rights and European Law. Whether all the consequences of that classification are legally beyond dispute that is, beyond the reach of judicial reassessment is another question. Andrew Fitzmaurice has very usefully explained the origins of terra nullius in the Roman law idea of the first taker. To acknowledge the error and to admit that the country was inhabited by human beings whose customs could have been recognised (as they were recognised on the other side of the Torres Strait) does not involve the overthrow of the established Australian legal order. However even this is not entirely clear. startxref It is not difficult to see how Henry Reynolds could assert that native title was recognised by the Crown in the 1840s, through the provision of reserves, the insertion of reservation clauses in pastoral leases to recognise practically the right of occupancy on runs, and provision in clause 20 of the Waste Lands Act 1842 (Imp.) endstream ISSN: 1323-1391. >> << >> However it must be What it may provide is a direction or a presumption, that where recognition is possible it should occur, as an aspect of the acknowledgment of past wrongs (and perhaps as a form of compensation to Aboriginal people thereby affected). endobj 6 Legal Tips On Protecting Yourself Against Dental Malpractice, Drugmaker Endo Signs $65 Million Opioid Settlement With Florida, Inos 17-049 GmbH Acquires Werther International, Bancomext raises $600 million to face COVID-19, 5 Great Tools for Attorneys to Improve Sales. W 3 << If we do not, the Australian legal system will continue to rest on a dubious basis of either fraud or a mistake of fact. The Select Committee of the House of Commons on Aborigines stated in 1837: The land has been taken from them without the assertion of any other title than that of superior force and by the commission under which the Australian colonies are governed, Her Majestys Sovereignty over the whole of New South Wales is asserted without reserve. Dr. William Cooper, MD, is a Neurology specialist in Alamosa, Colorado. The Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws and Traditions Today, The Position of Torres Strait Islanders and South Sea Islanders, The Definition of Aboriginal Customary Laws. General Issues of Evidence and Procedure, 24. WebCooper who had the title to the land argued that the 1823 clause was invalid because it went against the law of perpetuities. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. 0000038209 00000 n It is possible that the point may be dealt with by the High Court in Mabo v Queensland and Commonwealth, although the claim there does not depend on the conquered colony argument. 0000005450 00000 n The English, citing Locke, inverted it: those who mixed their labour with the soil and with things available in nature were entitled to a first claim to property rights in those things, a sort of first taker as first fashioner.4. But there is anachronism in this. It is this founding phrase that justified the creation of reserves, the reservation clauses being placed in pastoral leases and the establishment of a fund for Aboriginal welfare from sales of waste lands. Whether Aboriginal groups could be said to have constituted nations (they were, of course, not a single nation), to have had sovereignty, or to have had a political organisation outside family organisation, has been the subject of considerable debate. This commentary explains the Privy Councils opinion in Cooper v Stuart (1889) 14 App Cas 286, a case which c2c2$&;(k*`mcI@qc.|3/O..0h^!cAU~%W6THl.23BkdXm.YgiYu*#]Ud(Vjp4^M&he&-PpiCu}(!x:)jH,-)|~#d:_*\8D*4\3\0z6M! endobj 65 The Australian Courts Act 1828 (Imp) s 24. Even Blackstone himself remarked that the American plantations were obtained in the last century [that is, the 17th century] either by right of conquest and driving out the natives (with what natural justice I shall not at present inquire) or by treaties.6 Blackstone was not sure of the legality of what occurred, but with an unwarranted delicacy declined to examine the issue of indigenous rights further. [30] Attorney-General v Brown (1847) 1 Legge 312. 0000001952 00000 n endobj 9 http://www.law.unsw.edu.au/news/2017/06/symbolic-constitutional-recognition-table-after-uluru-talks- indigenous-leaders-say ; see also M. Davis, Political Timetables Trump Workable Timetables: Indigenous Constitutional Recognition and the Temptation of Symbolism over Substance in S Young, J. Nielsen, J. Patrick (ed) Constitutional Recognition of Australias First Peoples Theories and Comparative Perspectives, Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press 2016; speech at University of Queensland, 20 April 2018. In those of the latter kind, the colony already having law of its own, that law remains in force until altered.[28]. %%EOF That which is captured by the first taker becomes his or her property. The last lingering doubts, if there were any, were firmly removed when the British authorities refused to give any form of legal recognition to John Barmans claim that he could acquire land rights by treating with Aboriginal tribes in the Port Phillip district.[37]. A Legal Justification for a Treaty between Australia and Its Indigenous Peoples, Enter the World of Tech Start-Ups and Investments in Turkey, French and International Property and Tax Matters in 2023. It would indeed be a poor birthright if the common law inherited by the settlers of New South Wales was only % 0000030966 00000 n Indigenous Justice Mechanisms in some Overseas Countries: Models and Comparisons, 31. Cooks secret instructions had provided that he should acquire territory with the consent of the Natives. When the officers identified themselves, Cooper drove home and then almost killed an officer when he swerved around a roadblock erected in front of his house. WebJ. Section 24, in effect, reaffirmed that New South Wales was a settled colony, but provided a later date of reception for reasons of convenience. startxref WebOnline Library of Liberty The OLL is a curated collection of scholarly works that engage with vital questions of liberty. >> 876 /Parent 5 0 R 2) (1992) FACTS - 5 - Queensland took ownership of the Islands to the north, including the Murray Islands - Meriam people were an established group of people with their own customs and 10 The Advancing the Treaty Process with Aboriginal Victorians Bill 2018 https://www.vic.gov.au/aboriginalvictoria/treaty.html; South Australias new Government has just halted talks on a treaty The Guardian Australia 30 April 2018 https://www.theguardian.com/australia- news/2018/apr/30/south-australia-halts-indigenous-treaty-talks-as-premier-says-he-has-other-priorities. 0000003844 00000 n Local Justice Mechanisms: Options for Aboriginal Communities, Aborigines as Officials in the Ordinary Courts. Several propositions derived from the literature can be baldly stated, and then examined more closely. 1996 Cambridge University Press /F1 8 0 R 0000034568 00000 n The Australian Law Reform Commission acknowledges the traditional owners and custodians of country throughout Australia and acknowledges their continuing connection to land, sea and community. 13 0 obj Request Permissions, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. He shot the other deputy as he ran from his truck to the house. The statement by the Privy Council may be regarded either as having been made in ignorance or as a convenient falsehood to justify the taking of aborigines land.[33]. 0000033715 00000 n 0000008784 00000 n The Distinction Between Settled and Conquered Colonies. 0000001908 00000 n They so held on the basis that the land was 'practically unoccupied without settled inhabitants'. 2 See Select Committee on the State of the Colony of New Zealand Report (1844) reproduced in Accounts and Papers [of the] House of Commons, 1844 (9) vol XIII, Irish University Press series of British Parliamentary Papers, Colonies: New Zealand pp 5ff; see J Fulcher, The Wik judgment, pastoral leases and Colonial Office Policy and intention in NSW in the 1840s Australian Journal of Legal History, vol 4, no 1 1998, 33-56 at 41. M@cB2Z9#69%B?&seJs9:C$E3 0000037337 00000 n [25] It is clear that these rules were the vehicle by which recognition of Aboriginal laws was denied. /Filter /LZWDecode Jonathan is regarded as one of Australias leading native title and cultural heritage lawyers and has been recognised by Chambers Asia Pacific every year since 2007 in addition to several other legal publications. /Length 13 0 R [54]But see para 109 for difficulties with compensation in this context. Jonathan applies his extensive projects, resources, native title and cultural heritage experience to mining, oil and gas transactions, renewable energy, infrastructure developments, joint venture arrangements, and asset and share sales and acquisitions across Australia and internationally. To similar effect S Jones, Submission 16G (7 June 1977); P Gray & R Williams, Submission 19 (15 June 1977) 1. 0000064207 00000 n This is summed up by proposition 8: In Canada and America, the domestic dependent nation status of indigenous peoples produced perhaps no less injustice than in the south. Where the indigenous people were in actual occupation, however, was a question to which the facts on the ground did not readily admit an answer. mqF-iX=x&h0xT(n\Al |(J")Jb /01N@C4004jX;Ph P@8Hs)zNr\,\SX9oX3EjhJ 5 Quoted in S. Brennan, L. Behrendt, L. Strelein and G. Williams, Treaty, Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press 2005 at 72. As Alfred Stephen, counsel in Murrells case, recognised, the actual process was complex, perhaps sui generis. But unease at the insensitive disregard for the facts of Aboriginal life, and at the way in which terms such as peaceful annexation gloss over the reality of the relations between European settlers and Aboriginal groups,[45] has been a significant factor in recent suggestions that the question needs to be re-evaluated. JavaScript is disabled for your browser. /Resources << But it is doubtful whether they were organised under `chiefs competent to represent them. It does involve the concession that justice has been denied to the Aboriginal people through a fundamental misconception of fact from which legal consequences have followed. This is a very interesting and well researched book marred by its sometimes hectoring tone and enthusiastic embracement of the revisionist side of the History Wars; Coe v Commonwealth (1979) 53 ALJR 403; (1993) 118 ALJR 110; H Reynolds The Law of the Land 2nd ed Melbourne: Penguin Books 1992. Lawyer Monthly is a news website and monthly legal publication with content that is entirely defined by the significant legal news from around the world. 0000001216 00000 n [53]When the House of Commons Select Committee on Aborigines reported: see para 64. /ProcSet 2 0 R and the indigenous peoples of Australia on the other should now be actively debated by Australian society at large, not just by academics and elites. This paper seeks briefly to survey some of the voluminous literature on these related topics. The third is the consequences of acknowledging now, as a result of an increased understanding of those laws and traditions, that the processes of territorial acquisition and application of law involved a classification of Australia which reflected the insensitivity shown (and perhaps aggravated the injustices caused) to the Aboriginal peoples of Australia. Aboriginal Societies: The Experience of Contact, Changing Policies Towards Aboriginal People, Impacts of Settlement on Aboriginal People, 4. Whatever may have been the injustice of this encroachment, there is no reason to suppose that either justice or humanity would now be consulted by receding from it.[34]. [26] The general principles for the introduction of English law into a settled as distinct from a conquered colony were laid down by Blackstone in 1765. As part of an imagined Makarrata Commission, a Research Partnership is established to support future truth-telling. 0000036242 00000 n Whatever the position in 1788 or in 1837, it is much too late to suggest that justice to Aboriginal people today can be achieved thro ugh attempts to[53] reconstruct or recreate the past. 1 Votes and Proceedings of the NSW Legislative Council, no 13, 9 July 1840. [27] Justice Blackburn in Milirrpums case put the distinction thus: There is a distinction between settled colonies, where the land, being desert and uncultivated, is claimed by right of occupancy, and conquered or ceded colonies. See also GS Lester, Submission 468 (19 February 1985). 552 Special Aboriginal Courts and Justice Schemes, Support Structures for the Aboriginal Courts, 30. 2020 Peter O'Grady, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window). Despite the Treaty of Waitangi, this idea of actual occupation coupled with the labour theory of property was applied not just by British settlers but by the Crown in New Zealand as well as Australia (where no treaties were made by the Crown). |D!"U#W7;vAp! Previously, Blackstonian notions of dominion and control had dominated legal thinking about how to make claims to property. Parliament, and want to work more slowly towards a national treaty.9 Nevertheless, Victoria and South Australia have started consultation towards provincial treaties.10 Proposition 10 is the consequence: On this view, Mabo is only a step on the path to the establishment of that legal relationship. Importantly, Cooper v Stuart, through the doctrine of stare decisis, prevented Justice Blackburn in Milirrpum v Nabalco ((1971) 17 FLR 141 at 242) from recognising indigenous rights to land in the Northern Territory. 9 0 obj Leading up to 9 July 1840, Governor George Gipps pored over papers relating to the law of recognition of indigenous rights to land. This commentary explains the Privy Councils opinion in Cooper v Stuart (1889) 14 App Cas 286, a case which continues to influence Australias constitutional framework. That relationship to property in the crocodile was said to ground the Crowns right to prosecute an indigenous man who took that crocodile in accordance with his traditional laws and customs. Cooper. Other Methods of Proof: Assessors, Court Experts, Pre-Sentence Reports, Justice Mechanisms in Aboriginal Communities: Needs, Problems and Responses, 28. As Kents Commentaries pronounced, [t]he peculiar character and habits of the Indian nations, rendered them incapable of sustaining any other relation with the whites than that of dependence and pupillage. WebMlad Sheldon (angl. biXDN>[ 57h$%42TPd0vX:{ ~4an``)Tpv%qX;V0]`pVVP1(X"y5 X} 7b WebWilliam Watson, Baron Watson, PC (25 August 1827 14 September 1899) was a Scottish lawyer and Conservative Party politician. xb```f``u2l@q ^z49nOekLP5UZl[T:>y]YNaq``r``1`Pf4(%=H@?sPD Ff}@a I9bI(xpk@y hTu,,b~g1h~y For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions [25]See para 66 for statements of this view. Webis generally regarded as settled, a legal principle laid down in Cooper v Stuart7 in 1889 and followed by Blackburn J in Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd in 1971. Queensland 4003. 0000001501 00000 n Yorta Yorta man William Cooper establishes the Australian Aborigines' League in Melbourne together with Margaret Tucker, Eric Onus, Anna and Caleb Morgan, and Shadrach James. The Privy Councils explanation, which rested on NSW being a tract of territory practically unoccupied, without settled inhabitants or settled law, stood as the legal authority for Australian nationhood for over a century. But see para 109 for difficulties with compensation in this context. Paul Coes statement of claim in Coe v the Commonwealth used the concept expressly, and it was taken up by historians such as Reynolds and others.7 Thus it is now necessary to put proposition 4: There is no reference to terra nullius being the basis for settlement in 19th century historical sources relating to the settlement of Australia. 0000017101 00000 n There are other factors also. Il est le 35e gouverneur du Kentucky (19001907) et un snateur pour l'tat au Snat des tats-Unis. Level 8, Waterfront Place, 1 Eagle Street, Brisbane Qld 4000. So terra nullius was never part of the law of the land, and Mabo no 2 did not overturn it. Additional Instructions for Lt James Cook, appointed to command His Majestys Bark Endeavour, 30 July 1768, in JM Bennett & AC Castles. [39] In Western Australia, the State was deemed to have been established on 1 June 1829 for the purposes of determining the application of Imperial Acts. 0000005359 00000 n 0000065632 00000 n 63 0 obj <> endobj Web14 William Holdsworth, History of English Law (Methuen, 3rd ed, 1932) 410-6. >> Discussion of Australias status on colonisation has not been limited to judicial pronouncements. [46]Western Sahara Advisory Opinion ICJ Rep 1975, 12; J Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1979, 181. The second part of this essay will address the basis as it appears in the archive. The Commissions Work on the Reference, Special Needs for Consultation and Discussion, 3. Decided September 12, 1958. Young Sheldon) je americk komedilny seril stanice CBS vytvoren Chuckom Lorreom a Stevenom Molarom.Seril, odohrvajci sa koncom 80. a zaiatkom 90. rokov 20. storoia, je spin-off Prequelom sitkomu Teria vekho tresku a predstavuje postavu Sheldona Coopera v jeho deviatich rokoch, ktor ije so svojou rodinou vo

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