Georgia is developing into an international transport corridor through Batumi and Poti ports, BakuTbilisiKars Railway line, an oil pipeline from Baku through Tbilisi to Ceyhan, the BakuTbilisiCeyhan pipeline (BTC) and a parallel gas pipeline, the South Caucasus Pipeline. [259] Georgia was ranked 63rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, down from 48th in 2019. Ever since its turbulent founding in 1918, Georgia has been highly dependent on the German Empire, the primary nation guaranteeing Georgian independence. [351], The most popular sports in Georgia are football, basketball, rugby union, wrestling, judo, and weightlifting. As in the western parts of the nation, elevation plays an important role in eastern Georgia where climatic conditions above 1,500 metres (4,921ft) are considerably colder than in the low-lying areas. The opposition made accusations of fraud, which the Georgian Dream denied. Healthcare costs are a major financial burden for the transition economies, which have experienced rapidly increasing demand for healthcare services. [citation needed] The military budget of Georgia for 2021 is 900 ($280) million. The biggest part, 72% of the military budget is allocated for maintaining defence forces readiness and potency development. Consecutive research estimated the 2002 census to be inflated by 8 to 9 percent,[286] which affected the annually updated population estimates in subsequent years. Members of parliament are elected for four-year terms. The first exhibition of products made by STC Delta was in 1999. The high-water mark of Communist activity in Georgia occurred in the early 1930s, when the state's economy was suffering from the ravages of the Great Depression. The head of the Bagrationi dynasty Ashot I of Iberia (r. 813826), who had migrated to the former southwestern territories of Iberia, came to rule over Tao-Klarjeti and restored the Principate of Iberia in 813. [194] The police introduced a 0-2-2 (currently, 1-1-2) emergency dispatch service in 2004. The species number of invertebrates is considered to be very high but data is distributed across a high number of publications. [339][340], Georgia is known for its folklore, traditional music, dances, theatre, cinema, and art. One of the most famous late 19th/early 20th century Georgian artists was primitivist painter Niko Pirosmani. By the 1980s, an independence movement emerged and grew quickly, leading to Georgia's secession from the Soviet Union in April 1991. [241] Georgia's main imports are vehicles, ores, fossil fuels and farmaceuticals. From 1,5001,800 metres (4,9215,906ft), the forest becomes largely coniferous. The last Imeretian king and the last Georgian Bagrationi ruler, Solomon II, died in exile in 1815, after attempts to rally people against Russia and to enlist foreign support against the latter, had been in vain. In recent years Georgia has invested large amounts of money in the modernization of its transport networks. On 69 March 2006, the IPAP implementation interim assessment team arrived in Tbilisi. [225] The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range is much higher in elevation than the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, with the highest peaks rising more than 5,000 metres (16,404ft) above sea level. [352] Historically, Georgia has been famous for its physical education; the Romans were fascinated with Georgians' physical qualities after seeing the training techniques of ancient Iberia. [334], This long history has provided a national narrative which encompasses the successful preservation of unique culture and identity in a consistent territory, despite external pressures. renovate or repair 4,400 homes in 14 countries. [231], Slightly more than 6,500 species of fungi, including lichen-forming species, have been recorded from Georgia,[232][233] but this number is far from complete. [226], Much of the natural habitat in the low-lying areas of western Georgia has disappeared during the past 100 years because of the agricultural development of the land and urbanization. Rugby is considered Georgia's national sport. The responsibility for such actions does not cause dangerous consequences for the public. Between 2000 and 2019, Georgia's HDI score improved by 17.7%. Unified Communist Party of Georgia. [316][317] Education in Georgia is mandatory for all children aged 614. Georgia was further weakened by several disastrous invasions by Tamerlane. [298], The most widespread language group is the Kartvelian family, which includes Georgian, Svan, Mingrelian and Laz. These artillery attacks immediately caused Georgian servicemen to return fire periodically. The agriculture and industry output diminished. [18][19] This term itself might have been established through the ancient Iranian appellation of the near-Caspian region, which was referred to as Gorgan ("land of the wolves").[18][20]. [58] Heraclius nevertheless stabilized Eastern Georgia to a degree in the ensuing period and was able to guarantee its autonomy throughout the Iranian Zand period. [151], Georgia maintains good relations with its direct neighbours Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey, and is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Community of Democratic Choice, the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development[152] and the Asian Development Bank. Cart; vintage milk bottle caps On 29 October 2004, the North Atlantic Council of NATO approved the Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP) of Georgia, and Georgia moved on to the second stage of Euro-Atlantic Integration. On 9 April 1991, shortly before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Supreme Council of Georgia declared independence after a referendum held on 31 March. Archaeology indicates that fertile valleys and slopes in and around Georgia have been home to grapevine cultivation and neolithic wine production (Georgian: , vino) for millennia. [226], Eastern Georgia's landscape (referring to the territory east of the Likhi Range) is considerably different from that of the west, although, much like the Colchis plain in the west, nearly all of the low-lying areas of eastern Georgia including the Mtkvari and Alazani River plains have been deforested for agricultural purposes. The sons and grandsons of Ashot I established three separate branches, frequently struggling with each other and with neighbouring rulers. "[24] Before the 1995 constitution came into force, the country's official name was the Republic of Georgia (Georgian: , romanized: Sakartvelos Resp'ublik'a) and it is still sometimes referred to by that name. [191] The US State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law-Enforcement Affairs has provided assistance to the training efforts and continues to act in an advisory capacity. About 86.8% of the population of Georgia comprises of ethnic Georgians. Neighboring large empires subsequently exploited the internal division of the weakened country, and beginning in the 16th century up to the late 18th century, Safavid Iran (and successive Iranian Afsharid and Qajar dynasties) and Ottoman Turkey subjugated the eastern and western regions of Georgia, respectively. "[172], George W. Bush became the first sitting US president to visit the country. The political struggle for control over the public broadcaster have left it without a direction in 2014 too. In 2021, Trkiye remained a transit point for FTFs departing Syria and Iraq. The revival of the Kingdom of Georgia was set back after Tbilisi was captured and destroyed by the Khwarezmian leader Jalal ad-Din in 1226. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Georgia emerged as an independent republic under German protection. They are collectively known as the Georgian Defense Forces (GDF). According to CPUSA records, by 1932 only a small number of party members were active in Atlanta, and the statewide apparatus was in disarray. CABI, 2008. Located on the crossroads of protracted RomanPersian wars, the early Georgian kingdoms disintegrated into various feudal regions by the early Middle Ages. [255] Since 2014, unemployment has been gradually decreasing each year but remained in double digits and worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. With the death of Nader Shah in 1747, both kingdoms broke free of Iranian control and were reunified through a personal union under the energetic king Heraclius II in 1762. A period of unrest ensued, which ended as Abkhazia and eastern Georgian states were unified under a single Georgian monarchy, ruled by King Bagrat III of Georgia (r. 9751014), due largely to the diplomacy and conquests of his energetic foster-father David III of Tao (r. 9661001). [222], Georgia is a mountainous country situated almost entirely in the South Caucasus, while some slivers of the country are situated north of the Caucasus Watershed in the North Caucasus. Pyotr Bagration, one of the descendants of the abolished house of Bagrationi, would later join the Russian army and rise to be a prominent general in the Napoleonic wars. GCP 0001-01-01. The region's weather patterns are influenced both by dry Caspian air masses from the east and humid Black Sea air masses from the west. The population of the nation is about 3.718 million people. Much of eastern Georgia experiences hot summers (especially in the low-lying areas) and relatively cold winters. [335] These cultural, religious, and later political attributes are associated with a European and Western identity, based on a national perception of these attributes that contrasts with surrounding powers. The proto-Georgian tribes first appear in written history in the 12th century BC. In 1921, communist Russia launched a new military campaign against Georgia and conquered the country in fierce battles, annexing it to the Soviet Union. Russia withdrew all personnel and equipment from these sites by December 2007[91] while failing to withdraw from the Gudauta base in Abkhazia, which it was required to vacate after the adoption of the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty during the 1999 Istanbul summit. ", "Ruling party in Georgia decisively wins parliament vote", "Georgian government offers concessions to end crisis", "Transparency International urges dialogue with civil society during political crisis in Georgia", "Georgian Dream, Opposition Reach Consensus over Electoral Reform", "Georgia elects Salome Zurabishvili as first woman president", "Georgia protests: Tbilisi police fire water cannon at demonstrators", "New EU Proposal: Amnesty for Rurua, Melia, 2022 Snap Polls if GD Gets Less than 43% in Locals", "President Michel to Start Consultations after GD's EU-Brokered Deal Withdrawal", "Mikheil Saakashvili: Georgian ex-president arrested returning from exile", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Relations between Georgia and the Republic of France", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Relations between Georgia and the Federal Republic of Germany", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Relations between Georgia and the State of Israel", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Relations between Georgia and Japan", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Visa Information for Foreign Citizens", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Relations between Georgia and the Republic of Turkey", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Relations between Georgia and Ukraine", "Relations Between Georgia and the United States of America", "U.S. The civil war and military conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia aggravated the crisis. [88], The country's newly pro-Western stance, along with accusations of Georgian involvement in the Second Chechen War,[89] resulted in a severe deterioration of relations with Russia, fuelled also by Russia's open assistance and support to the two secessionist areas. The country plans to host 11 million visitors by 2025 with annual revenues reaching US$6.6 billion. [254] Georgia's economy is becoming more devoted to services (as of 2016[update], representing 59.4 per cent of GDP), moving away from the agricultural sector (6.1 per cent). One explanation put forward by UNFPA is that families of emigrants continued to list them in 2002 as residents for fear of losing certain rights or benefits. [52] Tamar was given the title "king of kings" (mepe mepeta). The penetration of humid air masses from the Black Sea is often blocked by mountain ranges (Likhi and Meskheti) that separate the eastern and western parts of the nation. [168], In 2011, the North Atlantic Council designated Georgia as an "aspirant country". [citation needed]. [44][45] The most prosperous period of the Abkhazian kingdom was between 850 and 950. [235] 1,729 species of plants have been recorded from Georgia in association with fungi. A bitter civil war and feudal revolts which began under Demetrius III (r. 967975) led the kingdom into complete anarchy under the unfortunate king Theodosius III the Blind (r. 975978). There are two main climatic zones, roughly corresponding to the eastern and western parts of the country. [200] Since 2016 the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index hovers around 56 out of 100 points. [310], The special status of the Georgian Orthodox Church is officially recognized in the Constitution of Georgia and the Concordat of 2002, although religious institutions are separate from the state. [173] The street leading to Tbilisi International Airport has since been dubbed George W. Bush Avenue. Alexander Mikaberidze wrote that these century-old explanations for the word Georgia/Georgians are rejected by the scholarly community, who point to the Persian word gur/gurn (, 'wolf'[17]) as the root of the word. [242][243] The World Bank dubbed Georgia "the number one economic reformer in the world" because it has in one year improved from rank 112th to 18th in terms of ease of doing business,[244] and by 2020 further improved its position to 6th in the world. [225] The area can be split into two separate sub-regions; the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, which run parallel to the Greater Caucasus Range, and the Southern Georgia Volcanic Highland. [68] The Georgian nobility did not accept the decree until 12 April 1802, when Knorring assembled the nobility at the Sioni Cathedral and forced them to take an oath on the Imperial Crown of Russia. [256] A perception of economic stagnation led to a 2019 survey of 1,500 residents finding unemployment was considered a significant problem by 73% of respondents, with 49% reporting their income had decreased over the prior year. Philology, typology and language structure. [268], Today transport in Georgia is provided by rail, road, ferry, and air. Evergreen species such as box may also be found in many areas. The spider checklist of Georgia, for example, includes 501 species. NGO "Tolerance", in its alternative report about its implementation, speaks of a rapid decrease in the number of Azerbaijani schools and cases of appointing headmasters to Azerbaijani schools who do not speak the Azerbaijani language. GCP, Unified Communist Party of Georgia . Its economy is growing at 5 percent per year, and the country ranks ahead of the United States in economic . [328] Georgian culture enjoyed a renaissance and golden age of classical literature, arts, philosophy, architecture and science in the 11th century. This made it easy for the remaining Georgian realms to fall victim to the early Muslim conquests in the 7th century. [183] Georgia also participated in the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan; with 1,560 troops in 2013, it was at that time the largest contributor among non-NATO countries[184] and in per capita terms. [96] South Ossetian separatists began shelling Georgian villages on 1 August. Its Cold War with the United States (1947-1991) filled most of the 20th century with tension that extended throughout the world. [202] Georgia has ratified the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in 2005. [296] On the other hand, at least 160,000 Georgians left Abkhazia after the break-out of hostilities in 1993. For example, in its 2017 report, Council of Europe observed that while most day-to-day corruption has been eliminated, there are some indications of a "clientelistic system" whereby the country's leadership may allocate resources in ways that generate the loyalty and support it needs to stay in power. [187] As of 2015[update], 31 Georgian servicemen have died in Afghanistan,[188] most during the Helmand campaign. The Lesser Caucasus Mountains partially protect the region from the influence of dry and hot air masses from the south. [27] In fact, early metallurgy started in Georgia during the 6th millennium BC, associated with the Shulaveri-Shomu culture. [225] Historically, the western portion of Georgia was known as Colchis while the eastern plateau was called Iberia.[226]. The 2014 census, carried out in collaboration with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), found a population gap of approximately 700,000 compared to the 2014 data from the National Statistical Office of Georgia, Geostat, which was cumulatively built on the 2002 census. Legislative authority is vested in the Parliament of Georgia. Salome Zurabishvili is the current President of Georgia after winning 59.52% of the vote in the 2018 Georgian presidential election. There is also a certified specialist's programme that represents a single-level higher education programme lasting from three to six years. [175] In June 2014, the EU and Georgia signed an Association Agreement, which entered into force on 1 July 2016. Its name stemmed from the term 'Gorn', which was a designation given by Persians to Georgian people. [229] A number of large carnivores live in the forests, namely Brown bears, wolves, lynxes and Caucasian Leopards. Georgia was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, alongside Armenia and Azerbaijan, in 1921 which in 1922 would become a founding member of the Soviet Union. [295][c], In the early 1990s, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, violent separatist conflicts broke out in the autonomous region of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region. Georgia is a representative democracy governed as a unitary parliamentary republic. According to United Nations data, this totalled 625,000 by 2000, declining to 450,000 by 2019. The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range forms the northern border of Georgia. [214], Georgia is administratively divided into 9 regions, 1 capital region, and 2 autonomous republics.
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