The first speculation that we still have preserved is Miniscule 1739, from the 10th century, on which is written. ), Then finally the King James Authorised Version tells us Hebrews is, "The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews". I quote from Gleason Archer's book "A Survey of Old Testament Introduction" (1st edition 1964, page 330):-. the worship of graven images there was unknown. and he shall fulfill all my purpose; The Southern Kingdom of Judah managed to last about 340 years before the Babylonian captivity. Those who hold this view either believe that the anonymous author(s) deliberately sought to mislead, in which case the cynic is accusing them of dishonesty, or that the compilers of the final version were dishonest in putting together with a work of the true Isaiah (chapters 1-39) a work which could not have been clearly the work of Isaiah, seeing as, according to the cynics' theory, it was anonymous. Yet none of these suggests the slightest practice of These show that where the original document was written anonymously different theories begin to emerge as to who wrote it. and brought to a final form by such careless production processes as modern scholars claim? In Daniel and Ezra there are whole passages in Aramaic because it was the lingua franca both in the time of Daniel and in the time of Ezra. In Judea: prophecy of Zephaniah, Jeremiah, Obadiah, and Habakkuk The only possible conclusion to draw is that Isaiah lived about 700 years before the birth of Jesus Christ. An interesting passage is John 12:38-40:-. We could assume in advance--before even looking at the evidence--that Isaiah could not be a prophetic document, but this is neither scientific nor is it an argument--it is a philosophical assertion. the whore. Whybray: "The Second Isaiah", JSOT Press: Sheffield, 1983. God punished the Jews for their sin, but God brought them to repentance and restoration. This could do with some editing as it's very hard to follow the logic in this answer. And the residue thereof he maketh a god, even his graven image: he falleth down unto it, and worshippeth it, and prayeth unto it, and saith, Deliver me; for thou art my god. Fear before him, all the earth: the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved. A major objection is that parts of the book are not . This is a time jump of approximately 150 years; the city of Jerusalem has already been destroyed and the people are living in captivity. Dating from ca. The book of Obadiah has only 21 verses yet we are told who wrote them. Artaxerxes III is Nebuchadnazzer. They were being asked to leave their comfort zones and obey God. This was known to Cyrus by his reading the book which Isaiah left behind him of his prophecies; for this prophet said that God had spoken thus to him in a secret vision: "My will is, that Cyrus, whom I have appointed to be king over many and great nations, send back my people to their own land, and build my temple." There is the prophesies of the book of Daniel and Isaiah, there's some in Jeremiah and one in Micah saying where the Saviour would be born, but, when it comes to detailed accurate prophesies, there are not so many. 4 Who has done this and carried it through, loose, To open before him two-leaved doors, Yea, gates are not shut: However, it is possible that the book of Isaiah is simply written after the event and written in a way that make it look as if it could predict prophecy. There are a few loan words from Egyptian, and a few from Assyrian (Assyrian Akkadian), which was the lingua franca in northern Mesopotamia until it was replaced by Aramaic roughly during the period 750 to 650 BC. "Cyrus" is in 44:28 and 45:1 because God is gracious and kind towards his people. Of course, the higher critics of the period took this and ran with it. And they will bring all your people, from all the nations, to my holy mountain in Jerusalem as an offering to the Lordon horses, in chariots and wagons, and on mules and camels, says the Lord. The mention of the media in the "Proto Isaiah" (Isaiah 13,17 and 21,2) is due to the fact that the Assyrians hired in their ranks a large number of Mediums and Elamites, warlike and rebellious but very versed in the art of war . I am the Lord, your Holy One, It only takes a minute to sign up. @Coelacanth: The traditional view is that sections were added to the book of Isaiah later. Disciples living during the exile continued expanding Isaiahs writing. Louis F. Hartman and Alexander A. They needed encouragement to believe in the God of the Scriptures: and to see the name "Cyrus" in the 150 year old book of Isaiah would surely have encouraged some of them to comply with the decree and go back to Judaea. 2 For he shall grow up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of a dry ground: he hath no form nor comeliness; and when we shall see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him. After 39 chapters of prose, the next 27 chapters are poetry. So the Romans used each Sabbath day to build the siegeworks and do all sorts of things which greatly helped them to conquer Jerusalem! The above 7 points I have summarised mostly from Gleason Archer's book "A Survey of Old Testament Introduction". CLAIM: If Isaiah really wrote from Israel before the Exile (739-681 BC), then he would have predicted King Cyrus by nameover two hundred years in advance. He see's God as in control of history from Day One. Is there any corroborating evidence for the story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego? The people who wrote the New Testament saw Isaiah as one book. Of course not. hath blinded their eyes, and hardened their heart; that they should not see with Scholars generally divide Isaiah into three distinct sections based on the changes in the timeline, assuming that there were at least three authors. Paskelbta 16 birelio, 2022 Some later readers may have decided otherwise, but such interpretations are not more in the biblical context than the 19th century revival of the Flat Earth theory. However, I do believe that all that is in the book originated with Isaiah and probably that his disciples then were the ones who collected what he said and commented on and put it in its present form. Dr. We have therefore the question "Is there any evidence that the book of Isaiah was written before Cyrus?" And in Isaiah 43, the Jews seem to be in Babylon: This is what the Lord says According to Robert Wilson, Isaiah is notable for the purity of its Hebrew. In the book of Esther there are a lot of Persian loan words; in Ezra there are Persian, and some Persian in Chronicles both 1 and 2. Why are physically impossible and logically impossible concepts considered separate in terms of probability? Josephus was popularizing (and embellishing) the biblical accounts for his audience but as far as I know, he did not have independent sources. Match. An anonym. which is a clear case of going beyond what is written in the Scripture, (though I must stress that these titles are not in the inspired Scripture text itself, they merely introduce the Scripture.) The Book of Isaiah can be divided into (at least) 3 sections--one of the most popular descriptions is: The Assyria section . was isaiah written before daniel. Were they gullible fools? All Rights Reserved. The central theme of the Deutero Isaiah is that of the consolation of Israel and of the return home of the exiles, after the Assyrian deportations, begun at the time of Sargon II with the fall of Samaria (722 BC). It's child's play to "predict things" after the event. You have hundreds. Isaiahs writings divide easily into two main collections or books of prophecies: The Two books are written almost entirely in Hebrew poetry and they are joined by a few historical chapters(3639) written mostly inprose. So we are already in the final phase of the Babylonian exile, a good two hundred years after the original Isaiah. Behind the doors also and the posts hast thou set up thy remembrance: for thou hast discovered thyself to another than me, and art gone up; thou hast enlarged thy bed, and made thee a covenant with them; thou lovedst their bed where thou sawest it. When Cyrus issued his decree for them to return the Jews knew that the prophets of Baal and Molech had never predicted these things, but Isaiah, the prophet of the LORD God of their forefathers, had. But already the Jewish commentator Ibn Esra concluded around 1138 that the book was not written in one go. As far as Babylon is concerned, skepticism has forced many scholars to expel the chapters 13-14 and 21 from "Proto Isaia", in which the fall of the city by the Medes is predicted. countrymen had fallen. They are not identical with the Neo-Babylonian kings. But, there are serious problems with this view (that some anonymous prophets were involved in the production of the final book of Isaiah): There aren't any. (See Matthew 3:3, 4:14, 8:17, 12:17, 13:14, 17:7; Mark 7:6; Luke 3:4, 4:17; John 1:23; Acts 8:28-30, 28:25; Romans 9:27-29, 10:16, 10:20, 15:12.). Oh, and at the time Isaiah was written, they absolutely had a work for ball or globe. 45, 1). ), during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, and Manasseh of the Southern Kingdom of Judah., Since Isaiahs ministry was centered in Jerusalem, this is the most likely location of the books origin., Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Unlocking Isaiah in the Book of Mormon, by Victor L. Ludlow. (Isaiah 13:1). Either way, the book has been preserved in this form since ancient times, and both Jewish and Christian traditions accept it as the inspired Word of God. As it stands, you might as well have just answered "Yes". I call you by your name, Search Isaiah is a resource for members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to dive into the book of Isaiah. I will list a few of them. ]- a language history of the world" by Nicholas Ostler, who is I think neither a "loony fundamentalist atheist" nor a "loony fundamentalist Christian", like some of the people on here, so he has no axe to grind either way.). Concerning God's economy toward His chosen people, Isaiah reveals that all the nations . 3 He pursues them and moves on unscathed,(M) There are numerous challenges in the Book of Isaiah that lead scholars to speculate about which parts were written by Isaiah himself, and what else was added and by whom. Place or time information is completely missing. Thus says the Lord, your Redeemer, Learn more in John N. Oswalt's course on Isaiah. besides me there is no God; Passages from both collections are recorded by various Book of Mormon writers" The Jewish world before the Babylonian Captivity was very different to their world post-Captivity. 14:27 and 43:13; By inspiration, he knows that Judah will be exiled as well. Jer 2 - 6 2, 3 God sends Jeremiah to Jerusalem to give a series of messages to the people of Judah. Isaiah was a man who witnessed our Lord (the pre-incarnate Son) sitting on His throne in all His glory. 3) Then also, the manner of describing the year in Isaiah 20:1 is suitable for the age in which Isaiah was written. There is only one book in the whole Bible which is truly anonymous: the Letter to the Hebrews. When God had a message for the people, He spoke to them through prophets: men moved by the Holy Spirit to speak on God's behalf. How could it be possible that the most sublime of all the prophesies, the book of Isaiah, should contain portions for which we have no idea who is the author? Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Isaiah, Birth City: Jerusalem, Birth Country: Israel. Does Counterspell prevent from any further spells being cast on a given turn? let us meet together(E) at the place of judgment. But already the Jewish commentator Ibn Esra concluded around 1138 that the book was not written in one go. The second Isaiah section, Deutero-Isaiah, was likely written by an anonymous writer (or writers) in the Sixth century BCE when the Jewish people were in exile. Daniel 8:10 And it waxed great, even to the host of heaven; and it cast down some of the host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped . and to whom hath the arm of the Lord been In my view, all of the above points 1 to 8 are accumulative evidence that the whole of chapters 44-66, along with the word "Cyrus" in 44:28 and 45:1, was written at the same time as 1-39, before the Babylonian Captivity, which started about 605 BC. and to loose the belts of kings, The Old Testament knows nothing of anonymous prophets. In Isaiah. More directly regarding the question at hand: Modern scholarship considers the Book of Isaiah to be an anthology, the two principal compositions of which are the Book of Isaiah proper (chapters 1-39, with some exceptions), containing the words of the prophet Isaiah himself, dating from the time of the First Temple, around 700 BCE, and Second Isaiah (Deutero-Isaiah, chapters 40-66), comprising the words of an anonymous prophet, who lived some one hundred and fifty years later, around the time of the Babylonian exile and the restoration of the Temple in the Persian Period. If there are significant differences that may change the meaning, I'll consider all translations. He was believed to have written chapters 1-39 in The Book of Isaiah with the balance of the book authored by several other prophets. ), During this period Judah became the sovereign nation of Israel: The Maccabean Revolt 167 to 160 BC. Isaiah was a Hebrew prophet who was believed to have lived about 700 years before the birth of Jesus Christ. What then are we to make of the repeated condemnations of the worship of graven images and of idolatry in 40-66? Is the God of a monotheism necessarily omnipotent? The destruction of Jerusalem and the Babylonian exile took place in the sixth century, but in chapters 4055, Isaiah speaks about these events as though theyve already happened. All Rights Reserved. For instance, compare: The Bible has had various people duplicated. Many died because they had such a reverence for their scriptures. What video game is Charlie playing in Poker Face S01E07? Most accept this section of Isaiah was written when it claims to have been written, soon after 700 bc. Do we know the reason it was written in poetic form? Thank you for your contribution to the community. He turns them to dust(J) with his sword, Is the Book of Isaiah Historical Fiction? have not I held my peace even of old, and thou fearest me not? Therefore they could not believe, because that Esaias said again, He On the possibility of equivocating the proper name "Kyros" with the common names "Kyros" and "Kyrios" only Jerome dwelled, who narrated how numerous Fathers and many Greek and Latin translations had mistakenly attributed to Christ the prophecies concerning Cyrus, confusing the proper name "Ciro" with the term "Lord". The superscription identifies Isaiah as the son of Amoz and his book as "the vision of Isaiah . Scholars believe that the prophet Isaiah was a real, historical person who lived during the eighth century, when many of the events recorded in Isaiah historically took place. Date of Writing: The book of Isaiah was written between 739 and 681 B.C. It is peculiar that anyone living in our century should think the name "Cyrus" could not have been written 700 BC but must have been written after he became king of Persia. They have not known nor understood: for he hath shut their eyes, that they cannot see; and their hearts, that they cannot understand. It is necessary, however, to take into account the fact that the original Hebrew text was irretrievably lost, Aquila, Tivatzione and Simmaco used "Kuro" in open dispute with the Christians, the testimony of Gerolamo dates back to the IV century after Christ and the Masoretic text stabilized only towards the 10th century. One problem with this is that the sins which are so vigorously condemned in 40-66 are the sins of the pre-captivity ie the sins before going into exile in Babylon, they are the sins of Israel and Judah prior to the destruction of the Northern tribes and Judah prior to the destruction of Judah in the early 500s bc. Vaticinium ex eventu is a form of hindsight bias. They will bring them, as the Israelites bring their grain offerings, to the temple of the Lord in ceremonially clean vessels. Isaiah 66:20. Sargon II, subdued by the Hittites, defeated the Egyptians in Rafia and overthrown the reign of Urartu, managed to keep Babylon and the Medes under control during the whole period of his reign, while Sennacherib brutally destroyed it (689), after having done of Nineveh the first city of the empire and having in vain besieged Jerusalem (701). And none considereth in his heart, neither is there knowledge nor understanding to say, I have burned part of it in the fire; yea, also I have baked bread upon the coals thereof; I have roasted flesh, and eaten it: and shall I make the residue thereof an abomination? Particularly interesting is. The next manuscript is Miniscule 104 from the 11th century which claims, "To the Hebrews, written in Hebrew from Italy anonymously by Timothy"(! For your sake I will send to Babylon The book of Isaiah was probably one of the best discoveries in the Dead Sea Scrolls. There was intermarriage with foreign women of idolatrous background; during the time of the Seleucid dynasty. Of course I'll try to apologise if what I wrote provoked anything other but thoughts. For many, the divine inspiration would have no limits and to Isaiah it could have been really revealed the future in a very precise and detailed way, also considering the exceptional religious experience of which he was the protagonist (that is the vision of the Eternal seated on the throne, in holy temple in the midst of the seraphim) and the experiences of Micah (prophet of the birth of the Messiah in Bethlehem), of Jeremiah (anticipating the 70 years of Babylonian captivity and the subsequent return of refugees), Daniel (able to glimpse the succession of the future world empires from the time of Nabuchodonosor until the advent of the Persians, Alexander the Great and the Diadochi) and of a prophet of the times of Jeroboam (who foretold the name and work of King Josiah with two centuries in advance; see 1 Kings 13: 2 and 2 Kings 23: 15-16). He would have told us about them then, the way he mentioned Nicolaus of Damascus for a later period. However, theres also evidence that other authors made additions. us before the scrolls' discovery. . 4 Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. Note: I used Young Literal Translation because it transliterate YHWH into Yehovah where all other translation seems to take more "liberty". Prophetic visions transcend boundaries of time, space and. . Enflaming yourselves with idols under every green tree, slaying the children in the valleys under the clifts of the rocks? Is it plausible for constructed languages to be used to affect thought and control or mold people towards desired outcomes? I name you, though you do not know me. What can a lawyer do if the client wants him to be acquitted of everything despite serious evidence? Isaiah didn't live in the 8th century BC, and neither did Cyrus. Batch split images vertically in half, sequentially numbering the output files. 2) As another contributor has already said, the mention of the Assyrian king "Sargon" is also witness that Isaiah 1-39 was written early, because Sargon was unknown to history, including Herodotus, until his palace was discovered in the nineteenth century. Aside from Isaiah 20:1, the Assyrian title "Rabshakeh" is used several times in both Isaiah (ch 36 & 37) and 2 Kings (ch 18 & 19). Cyrus (580-529 BC) was the first Achaemenid Emperor, Who says Jesus couldnt predict the fall of Jerusalem, judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/31318/, skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/17871/, Its Difficult to Make Predictions, Especially About the Future, http://biblechronologybooks.com/scientificmethod.html, http://biblechronologybooks.com/hebrewkings.html, http://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/579794/jewish/Haftorah-in-a-Nutshell.htm, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. The historian Herodotus does mention one of the attacks of Sennacherib as it affected Egypt (Herodotus Book 2, Chapter 141): Sennacherib was the king after Sargon, but he nowhere mentions Sargon (- this Sargon is not to be confused with Sargon the Great, who was many centuries earlier). Thus Cyrus would have had both a Persian name(when in Persia), and a Semitic name(when in Assyria/Babylon). Most scholars agree that the prophet Isaiah likely only wrote a portion of the book, but recent scholarship also argues that even the portions he didnt physically write originated with him in some form. Fascinating. There is no good reason to doubt it was all written by the Prophet Isaiah whose prophetic ministry had started by 739 BC when King Uzziah died (Isaiah 6:1) and who died after the death of King Hezekiah, in the sole reign of King Manasseh which began 686 BC. See other such passages: Isaiah 40:19-23; 41:6-7; 41:23; 42:17; 45:16; 45:20-21; 46:6-13; 65:7; 66:17. In this regard, Gerolamo wrote: "Scio ad hoc capitulo non solum Latinorum, sed Graecorum plurimos vehementer errare, existimantium scriptum esse : "Sic dicit Dominus Christo meo, Domino"; ut intelligatur, juxta illud quod alibi legimus: "Et: Dixit Dominus Domino meo" (Ps 110.1). in the ships in which they took pride. Isaiah 2:1 is written for a small section of the prophecy. from Cuta, from Avva, from Amat and from Sefarvaim (2 Kings 17,24). double for all her sins. Isaiah 40:12. In fact, just starting from the testimony of Jerome, some scholars, not at all convinced by the questionable thesis of the "hebraica veritas", came to think that "Kristo Kyros" may have been the Greek translation, astutely proposed to Emperor Cyrus, of some pre-and-other Hebrew form, such as "Adon Mashiyah" (Anointed Lord), or "Melek Mashiyah" (Anointed King) or even "Nagid Mashiyah" (Anointed Prince of Daniel 9.25) or "Kawtsin Mashiyah" (Anointed Conductor of Daniel 11, 18) or even "Yahveh Mashiyah" (anointed of the Lord of 1 Samuel 16,6-26,9 and 2 Samuel 1,14-1,16). 8 He was taken from prison and from judgment: and who shall declare his generation? . While other prophets talk about the future, Isaiah seems to talk in the future. In the chapters X and XI the subject is in fact addressed in a spiritual dimension (the remnant of Jacob will be converted to the Powerful God) with clear eschatological values (in messianic times of peace and justice even the wolf and the lamb will dwell together) and with an eager anticipation of real and imminent historical developments (redemption of the distant, collection of the exiles and the return of the missing).
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