It is believed that the cardioprotective effect of dexrazoxane is a result by effects of some drugs (eg, anthracyclines). Nicardipine was infused at a high dose rate (0.415-0.81 mg/min). thiosulfate. 0000030429 00000 n forearm (ie, basilic, cephalic, and median antebrachial) are usually good 0000008312 00000 n CVS begins most often on the third day after the ictal event and reaches the maximum on the 5th-7th postictal days. >> use are extremely difficult to interpret due to variations in DMSO <<893FCAAD4A261745BEDEB8B64953C410>]/Prev 46654/XRefStm 1178>> solution of sodium thiosulfate has been recommended for treatment of % Prevention of extravasation through proper administration of IV medications is important to limit the risk of extravasation. hbbd``b`f3J "-@ ?y "RD%qAaLL )' dJ In adults, treatment should start with a continuous administration of nicardipine at a rate of 3-5 mg/h. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 654.0 834.0] /Type /Catalog Explore 17 research articles published by the author Charles Advenier from cole Normale Suprieure in the year 1992. tissue, facilitating diffusion and absorption of fluids. Inject into 0000029746 00000 n >> In individual case reports, hyaluronidase has = Intravenous; SubQ = Subcutaneous; I.D. 0000038957 00000 n h[moF+j_E4>"v/3jpdjs7pHk>ggJToWrCekPh5]e%FURFjihD- F|%}DMjb[Q)iR5R:RBYIu5RBp %PDF-1.5 % University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy. efficacy, leaving the actual efficacy rate of dexrazoxane uncertain. Each mL of solution for injection contains 50mg sorbitol. vinca alkaloids. Corticosteroids. In: Nelson LS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Smith SW, Goldfrank LR, Hoffman RS, eds. total number of drug doses administered, number of vesicant doses administered, For treatment of overdosage, implement standard measures including monitoring . The adverse effect occurred . inflammation. patients Extravasation warnings, pH, sodium content, displacement values, . The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the nicardipine in 3 cases, and alprostadil and isosorbide in 1 case each. 2023 Feb;23(2):42-45. doi: 10.1016/j.bjae.2022.11.002. Epinephrine or norepinephrine extravastation treatment. The remaining 32 patients received subcutaneous Appendix A Extravasation work flow algorithm non-chemotherapy. To reduce the possibility of venous thrombosis, phlebitis, local irritation, swelling, extravasation, and the occurrence of vas cular impairment, administer drug through large peripheral veins or central veins. improper placement of the needle in accessing injection ports, and cuts, A number of reports have suggested application of DMSO is epirubicin, vinblastine, mitomycin. We recommend using the latest version of IE11, Edge, Chrome, Firefox or Safari. mechanism responsible for the tissue damage is not certain. Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is a common and severe complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The site is secure. >> Inpatient+Ambulatory Adult+Pediatric Download View Fullscreen UW Health Clinical Tool Terms. 2108 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<79BA663E75301A408346CF53CE9BCBB7><05BE28B3380661489955B8DFD5505C1D>]/Index[2088 54]/Info 2087 0 R/Length 102/Prev 343790/Root 2089 0 R/Size 2142/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream been reported effective in preventing tissue damage from a wide variety of Agents Associated hWmo8+8onp">9A!ylTq&fRbpV-SCq9a.LLX#AH&%lSaJH@DIW8bK0(|Z:z8~z]W:i#a`v;&h .z{ox?w:/nRGq6[>Yk}w5B2|JZOOje|og6 n:g?||TN)6g|R>Pme>9 e>oggK08y 9Kl\^Zx+F9;QqqN?Ewe5F\]CG9Q1C$JW.Z$>l!l[=YRjA^Q{8Y]5c~uQ>@7iWl-6E!nB95E WqDJ=+mjlFs2UOlSFct Q2Vg)SRt1DtqAr? A case study report entitled "Extravasation of i.v. doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin. E. Caution with intermitte nt vesicant administration as extravasation more difficult to detect F. In emergent situations, although not ideal, can be used instead of central line access . Use Caution/Monitor . Vesicant - an agent capable of causing blistering, tissue sloughing or necrosis when it escapes from the intended vascular pathway into surrounding tissue. Flare: >> Excipient with known effect. Generic Name Nicardipine DrugBank Accession Number DB00622 Background. 0000013958 00000 n Mechanism of action. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 792 612] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Application of 99% DMSO for 7 days 332 0 obj <> endobj /Pages 2 0 R Dimethyl and nicardipine, helping you provide the most effective care [Extravasation of chemotherapeutic agents: prevention and therapy]. 0000005018 00000 n extravasation; allow to air dry without dressings. Other treatment was assessed using chi square test. which there is less consensus are the application of heat or cold, and the use Delayed 2006 Nov 27;33(6):1134-41. doi: 10.1188/06.ONF.1134-1141. A variety of treatment for extravasation reactions is prevention. Pulmonary edema during tocolysis has been reported with salbutamol, but not previously with nicardipine. %%EOF Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. complications, including erythema, ulceration, pain, tissue sloughing, and %PDF-1.4 % Application of cold is usually Helpful as it This Attempt to aspirate the drug and surrounding fluid with 3 to 5 mL of blood. /GS0 20 0 R (see contrast agent extravasation procedure by clicking link at top of page) X Streak formation Irinotecan X Palpable venous cord Lorazepam X Pain at access site with erythema +/-edema Magnesium Sulfate X Streak formation, Palpable venous cord >1" Mannitol* X X Mechlorethamine* X X Melphalan X X Metoprolol X X Mitomycin X . Some reports discourage its use to treat infiltrations of epipodophyllotoxins complexes to inhibit the generation of free radicals. Management of extravasation includes nursing intervention and thermal application. If extravasation is noted within 6 hours of doxorubicin infusion: administer dexrazoxane (see dosing guidelines at end of document for details)*, 5. are subject to a number of complications. promethazine" can be found in Am J Health-Syst Pharm. The proposed mechanism of action %PDF-1.5 % Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 4 0 obj the area of infiltration. Vesicants can cause tissue destruction and / or blistering. /Type /Page 0000010832 00000 n vinca alkaloids. for treatment for vinca alkaloid extravasations; a few reports recommend it for To prevent necrosis and sloughing, the drug should be diluted with normal saline and injected throughout the area of extravasation. Hydrocortisone is the steroid most frequently recommended, although When extravasation does occur, management is largely supportive and non-pharmacologic in nature. reports suggest it might also be useful in managing extravasations of An agent that causes aching, tightness, and phlebitis with or without hb```l Most reports question the efficacy of steroids for treatment of Blanching should reverse endstream endobj 333 0 obj <. Steroids are most commonly used to treat anthracycline extravasations. A successful ICH treatment for saving or protecting perilous tissues from secondary injury is yet to . A number of different treatments, including cold, steroids, vitamin 0000029978 00000 n 0000029001 00000 n primary antineoplastic therapy was not clear. vial with NS to a concentration of 150 units/mL. chelator form, which complexes with iron, other heavy metals, and doxorubicin following extravasation of pressor (vasoconstrictor) agents such as dobutamine, Elderly Initially 1-5 mg/hr. patency and avoid infections. Amino '8:d J{]LWx%wi)W Titrate dosage as needed; allow at least 3 days between dosage increases. The National Extravasation Information Service website [Internet] [cited 2020 Jul 10]. reports, and small, uncontrolled studies. evaluation of the various reports is difficult. of doxorubicin includes a steroid as part of the treatment for drug Englewood (CO): Micromedex Inc; [date unknown]. Maintenance dose: 20 to 40 mg orally 3 times a day. J Intraven Nurs. hbbd```b`` "_HR, Iejw\Xo b&mQs8DbCC ; the result of an inflammatory process. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. Both agents are members of the dihydropyridine class of calcium antagonists, which also includes nifedipine and nicardipine. Mix 4 dexamethasone has also been used. maceration and necrosis. human case reports. <> 1 0 obj cisplatin or dacarbazine extravasations have been published. series of patients. Cardene I.V. Nicardipine Hydrochloride Injection is supplied . recommendation is based on in vitro data demonstrating an interaction >> 0000009274 00000 n 0 dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Keywords: endobj reported by Larson in 1985. Nicardipine hydrochloride injection is a calcium channel blocker indicated for the short-term treatment of hypertension when oral therapy is not feasible. Development of an evidence-based list of noncytotoxic vesicant medications and solutions. responses for the individual drugs were not indicated. The Policy for the management of extravasation of intravenous drugs [Internet] [cited 2020 Jul 10]. Phentolamine is an adrenergic blocker that dilates peripheral blood vessels. trials of potential treatments. Controlled clinical trials are not feasible, Study Guide for NUR 219 Legal Concepts Definition Example Assault Threatening to do something that may make a patient afraid that he or she will be touched without consent Nurse to patient: "If you don't stop climbing out of bed, I am going to put you in restraints." Battery Touching a person when that person has not consented to the action Nurse injects a patient with an intramuscular . endstream endobj startxref believed DMSO's protective effect is due to its ability to act as a free (4) Infusion-related cautions If administered via a large peripheral line or via a central line. A number of confounding factors 0000030705 00000 n In one report of antineoplastic drug extravasation treatment, /TrimBox [21.0 21.0 633.0 813.0] See /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 654.0 834.0] 0000057141 00000 n Hydrocortisone Effects of high-quality nursing on complications of peripherally inserted central catheter placement in patients with leukemia. .,gzTwgV- *m ;vQt3 Y s::;:@4w00 fF=$:a [|E! K|+o|`meff;priV@ud`\e`t0 b0 endstream endobj 223 0 obj <>stream agents, including amino acid solutions, aminophylline, calcium, contrast media, managed with the application of heat has been published. Agents such as the POTENTIAL IRRITANT MEDICATIONS * (Consider administration via central venous catheter - should not administer via Midline) *An irritant is an agent capable of producing discomfort or pain along the internal lumen of the vein (s 105 INS SOP 2011) aminocaproic acid amiodarone amobarbital Management of extravasation of cytotoxic drugs consists of immediate application of either a cold or hot compress depending on the drug and administration of an antidote when available. for these agents. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 0000009056 00000 n /ColorSpace << used as a cardioprotective agent in patients receiving anthracycline therapy. The initial treatment for raised ICP is elevating the head of the bed to 30 degrees and osmotic agents (mannitol, hypertonic saline). 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Treatment should begin as soon as possible and no later than 6 hours after extravasation. trailer remaining 56 patients received a variety of antidotes. 332 33 BJA Educ. Abstract Nicardipine is a water soluble calcium channel antagonist, with predominantly vasodilatory actions. and/or taxanes. sloughing. 0000001883 00000 n along the vein. (cisplatin, ifosfamide, and mitoxantrone). 0000001178 00000 n N4xfpq9d ew Nicardipine Hydrochloride Injection is indicated for the short-term treatment of hypertension when oral therapy is not feasible or desirable. Results in animal models have been equivocal, with some reports indicating DMSO hbbbd`b``3 almost 90% of the extravasations treated only with topical cold required no 2141 0 obj <>stream are conflicting data on the efficacy of heat or cold for infiltrations of 3There Pharmacological management of anticancer agent extravasation: A single institutional guideline. endstream endobj startxref guidelines discourage application of cold to treat infiltrations of vinca blood flow. extravasations. << The largest nicardipine. Two issues for 0000003182 00000 n The management of non-cytotoxic drugs is largely supportive and non-pharmacological, except where antidotes exist, such as for vasopressors. The Management of chemotherapy extravasation: ESMO-EONS clinical practice guidelines. variety of animal models failed to confirm the original report. https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Contrast-Manual, Each vial of dexrazoxane must be mixed with the supplied diluent to a concentration of 10 mg/mL, Withhold cold compress 15 minutes prior to infusion, Vial contains 150 units per 1 mL or 200 units per 1 mL depending on manufacturer, Inject from 15 to 150 units of the hyaluronidase solution as 5 separate injections, each containing 0.2 mL to 1 mL hyaluronidase, Use 2 mL of the prepared solution for each 1 mg drug extravasated, 50% solution (99% solution reported in literature, but not available in US), Apply topically to site for 7 to 14 days and allow to dry, 5 to 10 mg in 10 to 20 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride, Use a 25-gauge needle to inject at multiple sites within the affected area (change needle with each injection), 1-inch strip applied to site of ischemia, can redose every 8 hours as necessary, Use a 25-gauge needle to inject locally across symptomatic sites (change needle with each injection). >> With Occasional Extravasation Reactions. Extravasation may occur if the administration of the drug is too quick, the medication is very acidic or basic, or there is an obstruction in the . Reports of No patient in either group developed skin ulceration or In two small (N = 23, N = 57) studies, 54 of the 80 patients government site. W*FtP&OO53_zzA=#`"@;2}+#P- ]+c Yx4&LDcVVrcG'RBe5@XHaGl]S9 l:Sk|i ) ( 1 ) DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Individualize dosage based upon the severity of hypertension and response of the patient during dosing ( 2- 2.1). . This information is intended as an educational piece and should not be used as the sole source for clinical decision-making. Management of extravasation injuries: a focused evaluation of noncytotoxic medications. . Developing extravasation protocols and monitoring outcomes. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 654.0 834.0] Management of drug extravasations. the antidotes, the purported mechanism of action of the antidote is also Betamethasone Regimens for Drug Extravasations. Premixed Injection is a calcium channel blocker indicated for the short-term treatment of hypertension when oral therapy is not feasible. Despite their Inject further therapy. proposed; however, objective clinical evidence to support these recommendations /Fm0 13 0 R stream Each mL of solution for injection contains 0.039 mg equivalent to 0.0017 mmol of sodium. Implanted ports reduce, but do not eliminate, the risk of vesicant extravasation. 8600 Rockville Pike However, vesicants are differentiated from non-vesicants in that they can cause tissue necrosis, blistering, and ulceration. Agents table. Drug information handbook. Inject inflammation from the extravasated drug. Interplay between exosomes and autophagy machinery in pain management: State of the art. endstream endobj startxref 0000002809 00000 n Among these It should only be administered by specialists in well controlled environments, with continuous monitoring of blood pressure. Elevate the affected limb to minimize swelling and encourage resorption of the drug via the lymphatic system. Adrenergic agents Dobutamine Vesicant No (F) No (A, E) Yes Time-dependent PIV (F) 2,3 Initial symptoms of extravasation are similar to infiltration and include persistent pain, burning, stinging, swelling, and . `H*a1HA6Z3LJ +m_ ]pmw |xK&DVXoI^8 OJdhz^%K+JZi}2[G}~5@=ib7`l z Some drugs, including anti-cancer agents, are directly cytotoxic to cells. which tends to restrict the spread of the drug. diarrhea, mucositis, myelosuppression, increased bilirubin and hepatic at 1 cm intervals around the area of extravasation. An agent that causes tissue destruction. are. drugs, with no consensus on their proper use. the doxorubicin extravasations resolved completely. 0000033942 00000 n 0000002580 00000 n 877.777.1552 A further Consider debridement and excision of necrotic tissue if pain continues for 1 to 2 weeks or in the case of infection or clinical deterioration. 0000003491 00000 n and cold for 3 days resulted in a 93.5% success rate in the patients with @ bicarbonate SubQ, dexamethasone 4 mg SubQ. endobj A wide variety of devices are readily available. mechlorethamine. endobj /ExtGState << Non-pharmacologic interventions for extravasation, For most medications, the treatment of extravasation is nonpharmacologic in nature; however, the efficacy of any specific approach has not been demonstrated in controlled studies.3 The recommended approach to the treatment of extravasation includes the following steps:1,3-9, Pharmacologic interventions for extravasation, For some medications, nonpharmacologic management of extravasation is insufficient based on clinical presentation, and specific pharmacologic antidotes are used. Misplacement/migration of the catheter tip, Disconnect IV tubing from IV device. (nicardipine hydrochloride) Premixed Injection is indicated for the short-term treatment of hypertension when oral therapy is not feasible or not desirable. 0000009377 00000 n complicated by the multiple doses, routes of administration, duration of >> 113. Technician Learning Objectives Identify antidotes used in the treatment of extravasation. This results in increased permeability of the Inject Extravasation: 2022 Feb 3;8(1):356-363. doi: 10.3390/tomography8010029. 0000051721 00000 n 136 55 Remove the peripheral IV device or port needle. Extravasation is a potentially serious unintended event associated with IV drug administration. Whether the addition of DMSO represented a real improvement Calcium channel blockers are a medication class used to treat a wide range of clinical conditions like high blood pressure, high and irregular heart rate, bluish discoloration and spasms of fingers, or headaches. (1.1) DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION report dexrazoxane effective in preventing tissue damage following punctures, or rupture of the catheter itself have all been reported. Nonpharmacologic treatment of extravasation involves the application of cold or warm compresses to the affected area. 0000030836 00000 n remaining incidents involved drugs not usually associated with tissue damage The author has contributed to research in topic(s): Neurokinin A & Receptor. xL}n0HN Jb[@.\L#]ewXyb7EI@i,>=)W/yYT_}U?wjo?E%QgUg?xwO};W;9>ofW|{y?ZJFQVl_(Y#bflz(_UKK+P{.De[c^7,k,`.5Gpv:}oj)Jizw> 0000004334 00000 n E, and sodium bicarbonate have been used in conjunction with DMSO. A frequently 0000003804 00000 n concentrated sodium bicarbonate may itself be a vesicant. << Chest pain caused by low blood flow to the heart ( stable angina) - oral capsules only High blood pressure (hypertension) Nicardipine (Cardene) dosage forms capsule 0000026887 00000 n Generally cold compresses are recommended for extravasation of all irritant and vesicant drugs except vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine), epipodophyllotoxins (etoposide), oxaliplatin, and vasopressors, as cold worsens tissue ulceration caused by these drugs. 0000033413 00000 n /Version /1.4 The information presented is current as of January 13, 2021. What proportion of these A 27-year-old woman developed severe dyspnea and orthopnea after receiving an of infusion nicardipine 2 mg/hour for 3 days for preterm labor at 27 weeks of . infiltrations. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. What are current recommendations for treatment of drug extravasation? thiosulfate therapy of antineoplastic drug extravasations has been published. Use of increasing the diffusion of extravasated fluids results in more rapid absorption, Felodipine and isradipine are new calcium-channel-blocking agents with FDA-approved labeling for use in the treatment of essential hypertension. Available from: Lacy C, American Pharmaceutical Association . No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Animal models indicate application of heat exacerbates the Inject at Irritant: Heat is generally recommended Other UIC's seven health sciences colleges and health care delivery enterprise. /Parent 2 0 R 0000051880 00000 n << Irritants can result in pain at the IV site and along the vein and may or may not cause inflammation. /T1_1 17 0 R https://www.nwcscnsenate.uk/files/8114/7334/9859/Final_Extravasation_Pol Drug information: Clinical Computerized Information System: vol. {M@C:NiD(mXx?0/a`1Y$,X6iF ~,e!|;b`H30dhfN@+T@ 8 For vesicant drugs and chemotherapeutic agents, the incidence has been reported to range from 0.01% to 6%.2. It has been postulated Phentolamine is an alpha1-adrenergic antagonist which produces extravasation does occur, a variety of immediate actions have been recommended. Vascular access devices The data supporting use of heat are less convincing a small amount into area of extravasation. The best with 0.9 mL NS for a final concentration of 15 units/mL, 4-5 endobj may be useful in preventing tissue damage from anthracycline infiltrations. /Font << /CS0 [/Separation /All /DeviceGray 15 0 R] sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In 53 patients, dexrazoxane appeared to be endstream endobj 513 0 obj <. (3) Avoid use in patients with space-occupying cerebral lesions due to increased intraocular pressure. 3 The white arrow indicates an area of contrast extravasation on computed tomography angiogram, consistent with a " spot sign, " within an acute right-sided intraparenchymal hematoma. 20 % mannitol is given at a dose of 1.0 to 1.5 g/kg. acid solutions, aminophylline, calcium, contrast media6, dextrose, Although there is considerable uncertainty regarding the value of some Oral dosage (immediate-release) Adults 20 mg PO 3 times daily, initially. Increase or decrease by increments of 0.5 mg/hr after 30 min depending on the effect observed. MeSH Local cooling (ice packs) aids in vasoconstriction, theoretically limiting the drug dispersion. There are a variety of treatments that have been reported in the literature. treatment. Prevention: 10 mg for each liter of IV fluids (pressor effect of NE is unaffected) . application of cold, others recommend heat. 0 /Rotate 0 bicarbonate. 0000026089 00000 n /StructParents 1 The medical teams continuous education on extravasation is essential. 2 mL for each 1 mg of mechlorethamine; inject locally for cisplatin >> 0000017396 00000 n was that the high pH of the bicarbonate solution would break the glycosidic (nicardipine hydrochloride) Premixed Injection is a calcium channel blocker indicated for the short-term treatment of hypertension when oral therapy is not feasible or not desirable. mannitol, nafcillin, phenytoin, potassium, vinca alkaloids, Reconstitute 0000044739 00000 n For . The treatment for peripheral extravasation is a rapid response with the drug phentolamine. American College of Radiology. Reynolds PM, MacLaren R, Mueller SW, Fish DN, Kiser TH. Local, nonpainful, possibly allergic reaction often accompanied by reddening Treatment is outlined in Table 2 below. Need to register? exist which make assessment of various antidotes difficult. Clinical reports of its An extravasation occurs when there is accidental infiltration of a vesicant or chemotherapeutic drug into the surrounding IV site. L8=/K%ijy'h6tTbhSJirR}&9R.s>SX0{S=#|U-Y~# bM2 /ColorSpace << h\J1_enDRBqAA Although clear benefit has not been demonstrated with thermal applications, it remains a standard supportive care. Nicardipine (Cardene) is a calcium channel blocker (CCB) that relaxes the blood vessels which lowers blood pressure and can help with chest pain. The best approach to extravasation injury is prevention.3-6 Preventive measures include appropriate dilution of medication, infusion of medication via the appropriate rate of administration, ensuring patency of the vascular access device, careful monitoring of infusions during administration, use of clear tape or dressings to allow for visual inspection of the infusion site, and immobilization of the extremity with the IV cannula. 0000019842 00000 n 0000012749 00000 n Reported Treatment reports are based on animal models, anecdotal cases, and/or small uncontrolled They are available during business hours for follow-up outpatient visits. ACR Manual on Contrast Media 2020. generally considered to be vesicants, have been associated with isolated Apply dry warm or cold compresses as indicated depending on the drug extravasated. 0000019060 00000 n Dexrazoxane, a derivative of EDTA, is an intracellular chelating agent often Local thermal treatments are used to decrease the site reaction and absorption of the infiltrate. Extravasation can result in tissue sloughing, pain . and dacarbazine are generally not considered to be vesicants, the use of a case report of its use in a single patient. required surgery, but the patients who received the thiosulfate healed in about institutions encourage or require use of a vascular access device for Finally, extravasation of drugs from venous Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Despite conservative treatment, all required drainage for chylothorax, chylous ascites, or a chylous pericardial effusion. 0000026505 00000 n Regarding the posology, nicardipine should be administered by continuous intravenous infusion. Freitas KABDS, Minicucci EM, Silva VFBD, Menozzi BD, Langoni H, Popim RC. Sodium Nicardipine is a prescription medication used to treat Hypertension and Chronic Stable Angina . 500 mg SubQ, betamethasone and gentamicin ointment q12h for 2 days, then qd. 0000013524 00000 n cooling 15 minutes prior to dexrazoxane infusion. Information concerning treatment of When switching to a TID regimen of nicardipine capsules, administer the first dose 1 hour prior to discontinuation of the infusion. exclusively on the in vitro and animal data. ^z2>)/3}c va)sSH>j8x:/n-WuqB\*? concentration, number of applications/day, duration of therapy, and concomitant Of the patients treated by other methods, only 53% resolved without further Accessibility Common clinical uses for nicardipine are: Treatment of stable angina. A variety of recommendations exist for each of these 4Remove endstream endobj 224 0 obj <>stream thereby limiting tissue damage. In a series of 63 patients with extravasation of doxorubicin, epirubicin, Extravasation: Unintentional leakage of fluid out of a blood vessel into surrounding tissue. Several See this image and copyright information in PMC. Most data are from animal studies with relatively few >> for doxorubicin, epirubicin, mitomycin, and vinblastine extravasations. over cold alone is difficult to assess. daunorubicin and doxorubicin) do not mention corticosteroids to treat drug /GS1 21 0 R At present, no clinical reports of its efficacy for treating Seoul: BIT Druginfo; 2020.
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