Introduction - The Political Setting of Spain (1931-1936) . defensive positions in a triangle of cities with the points in Madrid, Valencia, In any event, the proliferation of executions, murders, and assassinations on both sides reflects the great passions that the Civil War unleashed. The Nationalists did experience some The painting is full of energy but there is no color and its monochrome, nighttime palette is bleak and disorientating. by the end of March. . . The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell There were Four Irish Home Rule Bills passed by Great Britain, and they allowed for a greater amount of Irish control over Ireland. Term Paper, AP European History Class, April 2007 Table of Contents I. "subhuman creatures," those Hitler did not believe he needed to treat humanely. Germany also made a great contribution in the form of specialists and Spanish Civil War, (1936-39) Military revolt against the government of Spain.After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia to defend itself against Hungary and the rise of the Habsburgs. The Second Balkan War was over Albania, a mainly Muslim region in the Adriatic. At that time Spain was in the grip of a civil war and in April 1937, in broad daylight, the population of the small town of Guernica in the Republican-held Basque region of Spain was devastated by German bombers and fighters from the Condor Legion acting on General Franco's orders. Britain, as a result, stood by France all the more firmly. The Germans were far less generous, but sent the famous Condor a novel by Franz Kafka about a character named Josef K., who awakens one morning and, for reasons never revealed, is arrested and subjected to the rigours of the judicial process for an unspecified crime. The Civil War The military uprising started in Morocco on July 17, 1936, and quickly spread to the garrisons of metropolitan Spain. The final Republican offensive stalled at the Ebro River on November 18, 1938. Many more small nations joined the Allies. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for coal miners. Ch. 20: The Revolution in Energy and Industry, Ch. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. The terms of the treaty were that both nations would be neutral if the other was to go to war with another nation (though this did not apply if Germany when to war with France or if Russia went to war with Austria-Hungary) and that Germany would be neutral if Russia intervened in the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. Picasso, who had allied himself with the Republican cause, read about the massacre of defenseless civilians and the theme of the mural for the Spanish Pavilion suddenly presented itself. The Cuban movement for independence from Spain in 1895 garnered considerable American support. The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero. Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia, Nonaggression treaty between Russia and Germany allowing Germany to fight a one front war until Germany violated treaty by invading Russia, "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, "Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack. the killing of all the 11 million Jews of Europe, a process now known as the Holocaust. divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the You'll also receive an email with the link. violence and anarchy which reigned in the streets of Spain. It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after World War II; Renunciation of territorial aggression, No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned, Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government, Access to raw material for all nations, World economic cooperation, Freedom from fear and want, Freedom of the seas, Disarmament of aggressors. Government of the unoccupied part of France after the countries defeat by Germany, French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970). led a war faction that took power in Japan in 1941. he decided to attack pearl harbor rather than yield to U.S. control. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the larger towns, in Zaragoza, Sevilla, Crdoba, Valladolid, and Cdiz. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. Tolls is such an international brigadier. Russian revolutionary, "Father of anarchy," critiqued Marxism, involved in the first international and led many revolts in Russia against the tsar, German republican govt 1919-1933, result of Treaty of Versailles and Kaiser Wilhelm's abdication, First German chancellor during Weimar Republic, a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during and just after the politically volatile years of World War I, a Polish-born Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. Between these extremes were other groups covering the political spectrum from monarchism and conservatism through liberalism to socialism, including a small communist movement divided among followers of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his archrival, Leon Trotsky. an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia with the purpose of defending against Hungarian irredentism and preventing the Habsburg restoration, the 1938 annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime, a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. The league was shaken twiceonce by the Congress of Berlin and again when the Balkans became disputed againbut remained until the forming of the Triple Alliance. A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. Subscribe now. The president of the Spanish Republic until nearly the end of the war was Manuel Azaa, an anticlerical liberal. On one side were the anarchists and militant socialists, who viewed the war as a revolutionary struggle and spearheaded widespread collectivization of agriculture, industry, and services; on the other were the more moderate socialists and republicans, whose objective was the preservation of the Republic. Cubism is a painting of a normal scene but painted so that it is viewed from multiple views while the positions of some of the parts are rotated or moved so that it is odd looking and scrambled. Both the Nationalist and Republican sides, seeing themselves as too weak to win a quick victory, turned abroad for help. The city had endured a siege of nearly two-and-a-half years, and its residents were in no condition to resist. The one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. overthrow the government. He was also a pastor and one of the leading thinkers in the neo-orthodox movement. The goal of these operations as planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. until his death in 1975. His most prominent work, it is popularly known for its extended length and the notion of involuntary memory, the most famous example being the "episode of the madeleine". a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defenses which France constructed along its borders with Germany and with Italy, in the light of experience from World War I, and in the run-up to World War II. Some production of the Hurricane was carried out in Canada by the Canada Car and Foundry Co Ltd. On October 1, 1936, he was named head of state and set up a government in Burgos. A war of attrition began. It was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. great quantity. The other great thing about teaching the Spanish Civil War in a European history class is its incredible wealth of documents. On the other side, the Republican, were urban workers, most agricultural labourers, and many of the educated middle class. This was created by Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a secret conference. Republican military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries who traveled to Spain, to fight for the democratic government in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939. One of the most recognized figures in 20th century art, he is best known as the co-founder, along with Georges Braque, of cubism. More than eleven feet high and more than twenty-five feet long, it is enormous and its vast scale meant that Picasso had to use a ladder in order to paint the upper sections. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. a political slogan used by Irish nationalists in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth century. From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. When the USS Maine sank, the United States believed the tragedy was the result of Spanish sabotage and declared war on Spain. The "bulge" refers to the salient the Germans initially put into the Allies' line of advance. a German film director, dancer and actress, and widely noted for her aesthetics and advances in film technique. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. In foreign policy, his government was divided between the traditional anti-militarism of the French left and the urgency of the rising threat of Nazi Germany. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. The Spanish Civil War Began on July 17th, 1936 The mutiny in July 1936 by army units stationed in Spanish Morocco was the prelude to a three-year bloody civil war. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. military problems similar to those of the Republicans. Proofread the following paragraphs, correcting any misspelled words or errors in the use of numbers. The ruling Republican government, led by the socialist premiers Francisco Largo Caballero and Juan Negrn (18941956) and the liberal president Manuel Azaa y Daz, was supported by workers and many in the educated middle class as well as militant anarchists and communists. The Loyalists held the capital at Madrid, the Basque Country, and the developed eastern seaboard, including Catalonia with its cosmopolitan capital at Barcelona. bombing. "Monty", was a British Army officer. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. French politician, was the Prime Minister of France three times: from 1936 to 1937, for one month in 1938, and from December 1946 to January 1947. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology. By February 1939, 250,000 Republican soldiers, together with an equal number of civilians, had fled across the border into France. (p. 797). Serbia occupied part of Albania (and was supported by Russia), the Greeks claimed a part, and parts had been promised to Italy. painting by Pablo Picasso, which he was already working on at the time of the Nazi German bombing of Gernika, Spain, by twenty-four bombers, on April 26, 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, and which he decided to name after it. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. They fought against Spanish Nationalist forces, who were led by General Francisco Franco and assisted by Nazi German and Fascist Italian forces. leadership. In response, France, under Poincar, occupied the Ruhr Area. an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society, culture, press, economy, judiciary and politics of any remnants of the Nazi regime. stirred by the Nationalists were easily defeated in many cities where the loyal The Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? town remained intact. the army had been destroyed by the division of the nation. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses. Sometimes it can end up there. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters, French intellectual, novelist, essayist and critic, best known as the author of In Search of Lost Time (in French la recherche du temps perdu, also translated as Remembrance of Things Past), a monumental work of twentieth-century fiction consisting of seven volumes published from 1913 to 1927, a semi-autobiographical novel in seven volumes by Marcel Proust. Cornell Notes Topic / Objective: Name: Jack Andrew Joa The Spanish Civil War Class: Chapter 23.4 Notes Period: Date: Essential Question: The Spanish Civil War Chapter 23.4 Notes Questions: Notes: Spain: World War I: Neutral. Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. AP European History Terms: World War II: Ms., Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Milady - Chapter 11 - Disorders and Diseases, USCG Rules Lights & Shapes (Rules 23 & 24), Letter to the author/ editor - useful phrases. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He successfully commanded Allied forces at the Battle of El Alamein, and troops under his command were largely responsible for the expulsion of Axis forces from North Africa. After winning the civil war he presided over the government of the Spanish State. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). Last Saturday my grandmother's twin sisters, Aunt Maeve and Aunt Margaret, celebrated their sixtyeth birthdays in an enormous family gathering at La Vista Park. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1945 to 1951; the first Labour Prime Minister to serve a full Parliamentary term and the first to have a majority in Parliament. As the bloody conflict escalated, the Republican Seeking aid from abroad, the Nationalists received troops, tanks, and planes from Nazi Germany and Italy, which used Spain as a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. One of the most recognized figures in 20th century art, he is best known as the co-founder, along with Georges Braque, of cubism. The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. a military strategy used in a WWII where the Allies bombed the Japanese for days on end with the goal of weakening their defenses and bringing them to a surrender (which they never do). The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. an international organization that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering financial and technical assistance when requested. Peace was kept through the partition of the Ottoman Empire; Russians obtained Batum and Kars, won independence for the Serbs and Romanians, recognized Montenegro as an independent state, and divided Bulgaria into three zones still within the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary was to "occupy and administer" Bosnia, Britain received Cyprus (a large island), France was told they might expand from Algeria into Tunisia, Italy got cheated out of anything, and Germany got nothing. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. A bit of a rabid dog. It was Hitler's ultimate goal behind the Holocaust. organization founded after World War II to promote international peace and cooperation. The two sides fought fierce and bloody skirmishes in a war of attrition. When Franco was proclaimed head of the Nationalist government on Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. Franco government. Bismarck signed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 to ensure Germany's safety. They captured the Basque northern provinces in the summer of 1937 and then Asturias, so that by October they held the whole northern coast. Had they taken Stalingrad, they could have gone to Moscow, and would never have been defeated. Review the vocabulary word listed below. This region had coal mines and was the center of steel production for the Germans. Five; lovely; great-aunts. (2002) Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: Elizabeth I of England Catherine de Medicis of France Isabella I of Spain The English Civil War . Gavrilo Princip was a member of a secret society named Black Hand and was the assassinator of Franz Ferdinand. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Made many demands against Germany to cut down its size and to reimburse France, which had been devastated by the war. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. The Nationalists were supported by Mussolinis Italy and Nazi Germany. Sarmad Kako 7th period DBQ Essay The Thirty Years War devastated all of Europe from 1618-1648. This body drafted a liberal constitution granting universal suffrage, basic freedoms, separation of Church and state, secular control of mass education, and the nationalization of church property. They decided to On one side, the Nationalist, were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. He gained notoriety chiefly for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become a forced labourer, and for performing human experiments of dubious scientific value on camp inmates, amongst whom Mengele was known as the Angel of Death. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. Nationalists took control quickly, in many cases aided by supplies from Benito Following the end of the Spanish civil war in 1939, the bodies of 1,700 Republicans -soldiers, civilians, people caught in the wrong place at the wrong time - were carted through the centre. Nationalists suffered from incompetent junior officers, but not to the same The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. EXAMPLE: 5 days ago, members of my family joined in a lovly birthday celebration for my great-auntes. The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938. a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war. their involvement, and hundreds of airplanes were sent, along with tanks and Updates? Fascism was on the march. Despite the absence of a real legal basis, the ICRC managed to negotiate access to prisoners and organized help for civilians. This does not include all those who died from malnutrition, starvation, and war-engendered disease. Spain spent much of the 1920s under the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, and the economic hardships caused by the Great Depression intensified polarization within the Spanish public. Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. The Germans handed the Austrians a "blank check" in how to deal with Serbia after Franz Ferdinand's assassination. Many fled Spain, becoming refugees and awaiting the toppling of the Politically, the territories belonged to the Austrian Empire until 1918, from 1918 to 1938 to Czechoslovakia, from 1938 to 1945 to Germany, from 1945 until 1993 again to Czechoslovakia and since 1993 to the Czech Republic. She was a theorist of the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland, later becoming involved in the German SPD, followed by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. disagreed with the leftist efforts at army reform, and viewed with distaste the First published in 1929, it was based on a series of lectures she delivered at Newnham College and Girton College, two women's colleges at Cambridge University in 1928. a German novelist, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual. creating and saving your own notes as you read. A significant leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and the Republican anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, de Valera was the author of Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hireann. By July 21 the rebels had achieved control in Spanish Morocco, the Canary Islands, and the Balearic Islands (except Minorca) and in the part of Spain north of the Guadarrama mountains and the Ebro River, except for Asturias, Santander, and the Basque provinces along the north coast and the region of Catalonia in the northeast. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! suppressing a Filipino rebellion against increased control by a foreign government adopting a policy of containment to reduce European colonization around the world C adopting a policy of containment to reduce European colonization around the world annexing Hawaii and Puerto Rico into the United States after the Spanish-American War D Austrian Chancellor who refused to be intimidated by Hitler and decided to announce a plebiscite on March 13th in which Austrian people themselves could decide whether to unite with Germany. From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. Civil Guard was present. Then, use the word and definition to create a matching quiz. an English novelist and essay writer who is regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. Loyalist volunteers arrived in Spain as wellthe International Brigades, about 40,000 volunteers from Europe and the United States, democrats, socialists, communists, and workers eager to fight for a new order. The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. for a customized plan. the name used in the first half of the 20th century for the regions inhabited mostly by Germans in the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. aircraft and Soviet military advisors. At first it looked as if the plan would work, but Russia was able to mobilize its army much faster than anyone had anticipated and penetrated the border of East Prussia. a diplomatic conference, held in Washington, D.C. from November 1921 to February 1922. $24.99 The Triple Alliance was begun in 1879 by Bismarck, who wanted to keep France at a distance. . January 1939. The dictatorships, however, intervened vigorously. 22 Life in the Emerging Urban Society. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! The Nationalists and Republicans proceeded to organize their respective territories and to repress opposition or suspected opposition. The coup evolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he led the right-wing Nationalists against the Republicans. The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as . steadily waned. Initial Nationalist zone July 1936 a 1922 novel by James Joyce, first serialised in parts in the American journal The Little Review from 1918 to 1920, and published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach on February 2, 1922, in Paris.
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